About Satellite Networks (ASN)

Substance:

UNDERSTANDING
HOW SATELLITES WORK
ADVANTAGES OF SATELLITE TRANSMISSION MEDIA
WEAKNESSES OF WIRELESS TRANSMISSION MEDIA
COMPARISON OF SATELLITE AND WIRELESS TRANSMISSION MEDIA
SIMULATION OF HOW SATELLITES AND GPS WORK
Satellite Band Frequency Types

Getting to Know Satellites

1. Definition

Satellite is a tool in the earth's orbit that functions specifically to receive or transmit data wirelessly (without cables). communicate via radio frequencies.

Satellite communication is similar to line-of-sight microwave (transmission follows a straight line/LoS), except that one of the stations, namely the satellite, orbits above the earth. The satellite functions like a very high antenna and repeater. As a repeater, it functions to receive microwave wave signals from the earth station, translate its frequency, then amplify it to be retransmitted towards the earth according to its coverage, such as the location of the destination station or receiver.

Satellite is a Relay Station or Repeater of microwave waves orbited in space, functioning to receive, amplify or repeat radio signals with a certain frequency field from the earth after being amplified and converted to a different frequency field. Satellites require Geo-stationary orbit, 35,784 km high. In addition, there are also those that use Geosynchronous orbit, as used by the Intelsat and Palapa satellites. (William Stallings, Data and Computer Communications 7th Edition).

The presence of satellite communication systems is inseparable from wireless-access technology, namely radio technology that replaces local cables (local loop). So that in certain coverage areas someone can still communicate even when moving. Wireless-access technology is based on a terrestrial radio network system. Where one with another is related to a network that is connected to a fixed telephone network (PSTN = Public Switch Telephone Network). So that areas that are not connected to the telephone network are very difficult to get information from the outside world.

To reach areas far from the city, the wireless-access system can be engineered using a satellite communication system. So that access to information to remote areas is not interrupted. Because satellite communication access can reach areas that are beyond the reach of BTS whose range is limited and spread throughout Indonesia.

Transmission Network Backbones

There are two important parts of a satellite, namely the space segment (the part in space) and the ground segment (commonly called the earth station). As shown in the image below. Where there is a transmission from the earth's receiving satellite that is sent to the transmitting satellite in space (uplink) or vice versa (downlink) which allows the transmitting satellite to send data to the receiving satellite on the earth's surface.

Satellite Communication

2. How SATELLITES Work

The stages in how satellites work are divided into three stages, namely, the first stage the satellite receives a signal which then in the second stage the satellite will amplify the signal. then in the last stage, the signal is returned to earth and received by several stations on earth. As seen in the picture below.

Satellite Working Stage

To create such a network, satellites use transponders that can transmit two-way messages. Satellite antennas are an important factor that can affect satellite communication networks. While the transmission is focused on specific areas on earth. This reception area is also called a footprint, and can vary, depending on the satellite application.

Satellite information capacity has limitations with different factors, including transponder numbers and power demand for the transmission system. Namely c-band and ku-band. In satellite transmission c-band only distributes 4/6 GHZ, while ku-band is more widely operated because it has a range of 12/14 GHZ. Ku-band is more advantageous compared to c-band which has limitations in power to avoid interference with terrestrial microwave systems. Ku-band does not have such limitations and its downlink power can be increased.

3. Advantages of SATELLITE Transmission Media

Wide coverage. It can be one country, one region, one area or one continent,
The available bandwidth is quite wide,
Independent of terrestrial infrastructure,
Fast installation of ground segment network
Relatively low cost per site
Wide coverage area, wide coverage both nationally, regionally and globally, can even reach half of the earth's surface.
VSAT can be installed anywhere as long as it is within satellite range.
Get Connected Anywhere. No need for LoS (Line of Sight) and no problem with distance, because the straight line of data transfer to the outside of the earth is not blocked by buildings / geographical location of the earth.
Communication can be done either point to point or from one point to many points via broadcasting or multicasting.
Reliable and can be used for voice (PABX), video and data connections, by providing wide bandwidth by simply renting from a provider.
If you go to the internet, the network access is direct to the ISP/NAP router.
Very good for areas where population density is sparse and do not yet have telecommunications infrastructure.
Satellite transmission media (VSAT) will not collide with other VSATs because they have their own unique orbits, so they cannot be the same. While on wireless, there could be a frequency collision with other wireless users or the frequency in the area is already full so that it experiences difficulties.

4. Weaknesses of WIRELESS Transmission Media

To pass TCP/IP signals, the throughput will be limited due to geostationary satellite propagation delay. Now various link protocol techniques have been developed to overcome this problem. Among them is the use of Forward Error Correction which ensures a small possibility of retransmission.
In terms of security, data transmission is very easy to intercept because it travels through open air.
The price is relatively expensive because of the expensive equipment.
Takes up space, especially for the dish/antenna.
The time required from one point on earth to another via satellite is about 700 milliseconds (latency), while a leased line only takes about 40 milliseconds. This is due to the distance that the data must travel, namely from earth to satellite and back to earth. Geostationary satellites themselves are about 36,000 kilometers above the earth's surface.
High Rainfall, The higher the signal frequency used, the higher the attenuation due to rainfall. For areas like Indonesia with high rainfall, the use of Ku-band will greatly reduce the expected satellite link availability. While for subtropical areas with low rainfall, the use of Ku-Band will be very good. The selection of this frequency will affect the size of the terminal that will be used by each customer. And also, satellite transmission media is susceptible to weather, meteor dust / space dust, and other weather conditions.
Sun Outage, Sun outage is a condition that occurs when the earth -- satellite -- sun are in a straight line. Satellites that orbit the earth geostationarily on the geosynchronous orbit line are on the equator (at an altitude of 36,000 km) permanently and experience two sun outages each year. The thermal energy emitted by the sun during a sun outage causes momentary interference to all satellite signals, so that the satellite loses communication with the earth station, both head-end/teleport and regular ground-segment.
Often firing hydrazine gas (H2Z) to rotate the satellite so that the satellite is stable in orbit, the satellite needs to be calibrated several times to stay in orbit.

5. Comparison of SATELLITE & WIRELESS Transmission Media

Based on these reviews, a comparison of wireless and satellite transmission media is seen. The weaknesses/advantages of wireless/satellite transmission media are seen from the needs and requirements of customers/a company, then seen from the side of network development, location (geographic location), devices and other sides.

Wireless transmission media is cheaper than satellite transmission media. Most wireless transmission media are used in connections in public places and there are also company branches.
Most satellite transmission media (VSAT) is used for connections within large companies.
In terms of latency, satellite transmission media has higher latency than wireless.
Then, satellites do not pay attention to distance, the distance does not affect it, whereas in wireless, distance affects the frequency of data transmission.
In wireless, the higher the radio waves, the higher the bandwidth but the shorter the distance.
For the location, it is very unlikely to use wireless transmission media around buildings or tall buildings. This seems ineffective if using wireless transmission media because nLoS or NLoS can occur.
Viewed from the device used. In satellite transmission directly from the satellite, while wireless transmission media depends on the device used (access point, radio link, etc.). In satellite using a hub. In wireless transmission media, using an access point (AP) device to transmit data, while satellite transmission media directly transmits data from the satellite (VSAT LINK), some also use a hub. AP usually has a coverage area of up to 100 meters, which is usually called a cell or range. So for coverage (area coverage), satellite transmission media can reach further than wireless transmission media. Then, both wireless and satellite transmission media have a working system with different frequencies.
Depending on the application, satellites can be used with different ground network designs or network topologies. At their simplest, satellites can support one-way or two-way connections between two ground stations (called simplex transmission and duplex transmission, respectively). More complex communication needs can also be addressed with more sophisticated network topologies, such as star and mesh.

6. Simulation of How SATELLITES and GPS Work

Satellite Animation , you can embed this in your blog to be able to play it,

<embed allowscriptaccess="always" width="520" height="420" src="blob:http://flashplayer.fullstacks.net/569918ec-fc79-4c0c-86e4-04baf5742f71" quality="high" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" type="application/x-shockwave-flash">

GPS Animation , you can embed this in your blog to be able to play it,

<embed allowscriptaccess="always" width="520" height="420" src="blob:http://flashplayer.fullstacks.net/557e6183-cae1-4202-8047-768507330726" quality="high" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" type="application/x-shockwave-flash">

Netizens

Q1:

ROBY MIKRAL ALATAS 20 Sep 2016, 06:15:00 = GOOD MAS, this increases my insight
SINGGIH SAPUTRA _ JAVA 18 Dec 2016, 00:24:00 = SO I WANT TO MAKE MY OWN SATELLITE HEHE...
RAHMA DIANY 7 Mar 2017, 12:37:00 = PERMISSION TO COPY
DEDEN SUPRIADI 24 Apr 2017, 12:36:00 = Wow bro, great, I have permission to copy it.
ABAH DARMA ALIDRUS Aug 4, 2017, 12:43:00 = good..friend.

A1:

Nice bro, it can be used as a fairy tale for your children/grandchildren in the future
It's expensive, bro, and you can't make it yourself, you have to collaborate with other vendors who are experienced in the space sector, for example America, China, etc.
Okay, don't forget the source
Please bro, don't forget the source.
Hi ABAH DARMA ALIDRUS, thanks

Types of Satellite Band Frequencies

Satellites transmit information with a specific frequency band.

L-band : 202 satellites
L-Band is at a frequency between 390MHz and 1.55GHz which is commonly used for communication satellites and communication between other satellite equipment.

Getting to Know Satellite Band Frequencies

1. S-band

296 satellites
Operating at a frequency of 1.7GHz to 2.3 GHz while for downlink at 1.55GHz to 5.2GHz which is usually used for Digital Audio Radio Satellite (DARS).

2. C-Band

164 satellites
The average telco satellite in Indonesia uses the C band frequency band. The frequency band is in the range of 3.4 GHz to 7 GHz.
The downlink frequency is in the range of 3.7 to 4.2 GHz, which has proven to be the most resilient in dealing with rain and weather obstacles such as those that often occur in Indonesia and other tropical areas.
C-Band is more weather resistant than KU-Band.

3. KU Band

Ku-band : 416 satellites
Satellite frequencies that are in the range of 12 GHz to 17 GHz. Used for broadcast TV, DBS, and direct-to-home television.
Operates for downlink between 15.2GHZ to 17.2GHZ and uplink 13.7GHZ.

4. Ka Band

Ka-band : 12 satellites
Communication commonly used for TV broadcasts, etc.
Satellite frequency at 30GHz uplink and 20 GHz downlink. Used for future needs.

Getting to Know Data Communication Technology on Satellites

Using a device (satellite) that is in a certain orbit and altitude above the earth's surface.

Anatomy of a Satellite

Using a specific frequency to transmit from a source to a destination on another earth's surface.

Satellite Scheme Sending and Receiving Data

Can receive and forward as long as it is within the coverage area.

Satellite Coverage Area

Advantages of Satellite Media

Connection anywhere. No need for LOS (Line of Sight) and no problem with distance,
Its coverage is wide, both national, regional and global.
Infrastructure development is relatively fast for large areas, compared to terrestrial areas.
Communication can be done either point to point or from one point to many points via broadcasting or multicasting.
High access bit rate and wide bandwidth.
VSAT can be installed anywhere as long as it is within satellite range.
Reliable and can be used for voice, video and data connections, providing wide bandwidth.
If you go to the internet, the network access is direct to the ISP/NAP router with reliability approaching 100%
Very good for areas where population density is sparse and do not yet have telecommunications infrastructure.

Disadvantages of Satellite Media

The magnitude of throughput will be limited due to the propagation delay of geostationary satellites. Now various link protocol techniques have been developed so that they can overcome this problem. Among them is the use of Forward Error Correction which ensures a small possibility of retransmission.
The time required from one point on earth to another via satellite is about 700 milliseconds (latency), while a leased line only takes about 40 milliseconds. This is due to the distance that the data must travel, namely from earth to satellite and back to earth. Geostationary satellites themselves are about 36,000 kilometers above the earth's surface.
Very sensitive to weather and high rainfall. The higher the signal frequency used, the higher the attenuation due to rainfall.
Prone to lightning strikes.
Sun Outage, Sun outage is a condition that occurs when the earth-satellite-sun are in a straight line. Satellites that orbit the earth geostationarily on the geosynchronous orbit line are on the equator (at an altitude of 36,000 km) permanently and experience two sun outages each year. The thermal energy emitted by the sun during a sun outage causes momentary interference to all satellite signals, so that the satellite loses communication with the earth station, both head-end/teleport and regular ground-segment.

Frequency

Currently, the frequency bands that are widely used for broadcasting applications are S-band, C-Band and Ku-Band. For areas like Indonesia with high rainfall, the use of Ku-Band will greatly reduce the expected availability of satellite links. While for subtropical areas with low rainfall, the use of Ku-Band will be very good. The selection of this frequency will affect the size of the terminal that will be used by each customer.
Meteorite dust, which comes from outer space, has a major impact on the durability and transmitters of satellites.
Often firing hydrazine gas (H2Z) to rotate the satellite so that the satellite is stable in orbit, the satellite needs to be calibrated several times to stay in orbit.
The price is relatively expensive because you rent from a provider.

Understanding Satellite Orbits

In order to stay in orbit, satellites utilize the Earth's gravity so they can hover above the Earth's surface at a certain distance.

This distance has been determined by a special agency that regulates the orbital position of each satellite, because currently when viewed from outside the earth, we look like a "ball basket" because there are so many satellites on the earth's surface.

Getting to Know Satellite Orbits

The Intelsat Satellite Network

The GlobeCity Satellite Network

The Inmarsat Satellite Network

Polar Orbit

A polar orbit is a satellite orbit that passes over, or is very close to, both poles of the Earth. For 12 hours a day, a satellite in such an orbit can observe all points on Earth.

A polar orbit is a 90-degree orbit, meaning the orbit is at 90 degrees to the equatorial plane. This type of orbit is useful for spacecraft conducting mapping or surveillance operations, such as the NOAA Tiros satellite and Landsat satellites. Because the orbital plane is nominally fixed in space, the planet rotates below the polar orbit, allowing low-altitude spacecraft access to nearly any point on the surface.

To achieve a polar orbit requires more energy, and therefore more propellant, than a low inclination orbit. A polar orbit cannot take advantage of the "free ride" provided by the Earth's rotation, and thus the launch vehicle must provide all of its energy to achieve orbital velocity.

Low Earth Orbit

An orbit about the Earth between the atmosphere and the Van Allen radiation belts, with a low inclination angle. This boundary is not precisely defined but is usually about 200–1200 km (124–726 mi) above the Earth's surface. This orbit is usually below the intermediate circular orbit (ICO) and well below the geostationary orbit. Orbits lower than this are unstable and will descend rapidly due to atmospheric friction. Orbits higher than this are subject to early electronic failure due to intense radiation and charge accumulation. Orbits with a higher inclination angle are usually called polar orbits.

Vulnerable to space debris in low Earth orbit.

Geosynchronous Equatorial Orbit

It takes 24 hours to circle the earth.
Because it is far from the earth, it can cover a wider area.
Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO) which is above the surface of the earth 35,786 km
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), between 8,000 -- 20,000 km
Low Earth Orbit (LEO), which is 500 -- 2,000 km from Earth.

Geosynchronous Equatorial Orbit