Technically, the CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the main component of a computer that functions as a processor of program instructions, while the CPU embedded in a microcomputer is called a MICROPROCESSOR.
Commonly known as the "brain of the computer", the Microprocessor is essentially an IC component composed of millions of transistors. The CPU consists of 2 main parts, namely the CONTROL UNIT and the ALU.
CPU designers create a variety of models tailored to target users and platforms, here are some examples:
CPU Model Examples
Processors/CPUs that are specifically designed for Power Users working on Workstations or as Network Servers are not market model processors. We need to know that Power Users are not just any User, they are computer users with special skills and have a high level of complexity for the applications they use. Processors that are mass produced and marketed globally can be classified into 3, namely High-end, Middle-end and Low-end. Usually those included in the High-end category are processors that are related to high graphic performance, thus providing a satisfying experience for a Gamer, Digital Entertainment Professional (Video Editor, Audio Editor, Graphic Design, Web Design, Graphic Design of Game) and CAD Professional.
Meanwhile, processors designed for the Middle-end and Low-end classes have limited capabilities so they can only be used for light tasks such as word document processing, spreadsheets, browsing, office work, etc.
Processors are not only owned by computer devices, but all digital devices that work with operating systems must be equipped with processors, and the dimensions of the processor have been adjusted. As with the mobile devices you have.
The CPU process speed based on its time span is measured in megahertz (Mhz), where one Mhz means it can complete one million process cycles per second. The unit of time measurement in the digital process called the clock will beat for each cycle performed, for example a 16 Mhz processor means the clock will beat 16 million times per second. So it is not surprising that the CPU process speed is directly proportional to its price.
Getting to know the terms in Processor
Control Unit:
- Manage and control input and output devices.
- Fetch instructions from main memory.
- Fetch data from main memory (if needed) for processing.
- Sending instructions to the ALU when there are arithmetic calculations or logical comparisons and supervising the work of the ALU.
- Save the process results to main memory.
ALU (Arithmatic and Logic Unit):
- The main task is to perform all arithmetic (mathematical) calculations that occur according to program instructions.
- ALU performs all arithmetic operations based on addition so the electronic circuit used is called an adder.
- Another task of the ALU is to make decisions on logical operations according to program instructions.
- Logical operations involve comparing two operands using certain logical operators, namely equal to (=), not equal to (¹), less than (<), less than or equal to (£), greater than (>), and greater than or equal to (³).
Register:
A register is a small storage device that has a fairly high access speed, which is used to store data and instructions that are being processed while other data and instructions that are waiting for their turn to be processed are still stored in the main memory.
Array Processor:
- To speed up the process, an additional unit called an array processor or co-processor is usually used.
- This unit is separate from other units that can be added to the main processor.
- With today's technological developments, these additional processing units are no longer needed because existing microprocessors are capable of handling calculations with very high capabilities and speeds.
- This additional processing technology is needed for older microcomputers, for example those that still use the 8088 to 80486 series main processors.
BUS:
- A bus is a circuit that is a path for transporting information between two or more devices in a computer system.
- The bus that connects the CPU to the main memory is called the internal bus, while the one that connects the CPU to the I/O devices is called the external bus.
Netizens
Q1: CPU is a processing unit, now what I'm asking is whether CPU is only the processor & memory, or CPU is all the hardware in the casing such as motherboard, VGA, sound card, processor, memory, hard disk. Please explain friends, thank you...
A1: Misunderstandings have occurred in the general public, especially lay people since 2007, who cannot differentiate between a personal computer (PC) and a Central Processing Unit (CPU) or often also called a processor or microprocessor.
CPUs are physically shaped as shown in the image above, and vary, the differences are in the Brand and Specifications, for example: Intel Atom, Intel Core i3, AMD, Qualcom, etc.
But so far, for some reason this misguided perception still exists, it is not known whether it is maintained or whether it has not yet reached its generation.
Yes, maybe because we both understand what it means so it's normal, but if you're an IT person, don't do that, because it can no longer be considered normal, except for the general public, yes, it's understandable.
I think Wikipedia is more than enough to explain about CPU, the references are also good.
So don't make any more mistakes, between CPU, GPU, MOTHERBOARD, PERSONAL COMPUTER (COMPUTER), LAPTOP, MONITOR, MOUSE, ETC. 
I think that's all, bro, I hope it's useful, that's all and thank you.
Complete History of Intel Processor Development
Throughout history, the latest and most advanced technology has changed human life by providing new and innovative experiences, so that human work can be replaced. In the 20th century, the pace of change accelerated radically as we have known and felt, that we have entered the computing age. For almost 40 years, Intel has been continuously innovating to create a better ease and quality of life and work for the whole world.
The Revolution Continues
Intel continues to deliver on Moore's promise, it's become the law of the land to introduce powerful multi-core technologies that change the way we live, work and play, let's try to do it again.
Moore's Law
In 1965, Intel co-founder Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors on a chip would double every two years. Since then, Moore's Law has fueled Intel's Technology Revolution, exponentially increasing the number of transistors integrated into processors for greater performance and energy efficiency.
Substance
- Introduction
- 4-Bit Microprocessors
- 8-Bit Microprocessors
- 16-Bit Microprocessors
- 32-Bit Microprocessors
- 64-Bit Microprocessors
Introduction
Fairchild Semiconductor is a semiconductor company founded in 1957. Integrated Circuit (IC) was first discovered in 1959 and produced by Fairchild Semiconductor. In 1968, several semiconductor experts such as Robert Noyce, Moore Gordan and Andrew Grove resigned from Fairchild Semiconductor, then they founded their own company called Intel (Integrated Electronics). Intel grew from the 3 men, where the start-up in 1968 became popular and strong in the semiconductor industry in 1981 with 20,000 employees and $ 188,000,000 in revenue per year.
4-Bit Microprocessors
INTEL 4004
- Introduced in 1971.
- It is the first microprocessor from Intel.
- 4-bit register.
- Clock speed 740KHz.
- Embedded 2,300 transistors.
- Can execute 60,000 instructions per second.
INTEL 4040
- Introduced in 1974.
- It is an improvement on the Intel 4004.
- 4-bit register.
- Clock speed 740KHz.
- Embedded 3,000 transistors.
- Can execute 60,000 instructions per second.
8-Bit Microprocessors
INTEL 8008
- Introduced in 1972.
- It is an improvement on the Intel 4004.
- 8-bit registers.
- Clock speed 500KHz.
- Embedded 3,500 transistors.
- Can execute 80,000 instructions per second.
INTEL 8080
- Introduced in 1974.
- 10x faster than 8008.
- 8-bit registers.
- Clock speed 2MHz.
- Embedded 6,000 transistors.
- Can execute 500,000 instructions per second.
INTEL 8085
- Introduced in 1977.
- It is an improvement on the Intel 8080.
- 8-bit registers.
- It has a 16-bit address bus and an 8-bit data bus
- Clock speed 3, 5 and 6MHz.
- Embedded 6,500 transistors.
- Can execute 769,230 instructions per second.
- Has 64 KB of access memory
16-Bit Microprocessors
INTEL 8086
- Introduced in 1978.
- It is an improvement on the Intel 8085.
- 16-bit registers.
- It has a 20-bit address bus and a 16-bit data bus
- Clock speeds 4.77, 8 and 10MHz.
- Embedded 29,000 transistors.
- Can execute 2.5 million instructions per second.
- Can address 1MB of memory access
- Has the ability to Multiply and Divide instructions.
INTEL 8088
- Introduced in 1979.
- 16-bit registers.
- It has a 20-bit address bus and a 16-bit data bus
- Clock speed 5 MHz to 10 MHz.
- Embedded 29,000 transistors.
- Can execute 0.33 - 1 million instructions per second.
- Can address 1MB of memory access
- Has the ability to Multiply and Divide instructions.
- This chip was the most popular in the computer industry when IBM introduced it.
INTEL 80186 & 80188
- Introduced in 1982.
- The 80188 is an evolution of the cheaper version (80186 or x86) with an 8-bit external bus.
- 16-bit registers.
- Clock speed 6MHz.
- Embedded 29,000 transistors.
- Can execute 0.33 - 1 million instructions per second.
- Has the ability to Multiply and Divide instructions.
- This chip was the most popular in the computer industry when IBM included it in the first PC.
- Both have additional components such as; Interrupt Controller, Clock Generator, Local Bus Controller and Counters
INTEL 80286
- Introduced in 1982.
- The 80188 is an evolution of the cheaper version (80186 or x86) with an 8-bit external bus.
- 16-bit registers.
- Clock speed 8MHz.
- It has a 24-bit address bus and a 16-bit data bus
- Can address 16MB of memory access
- Embedded 134,000 transistors.
- Can execute 4 million instructions per second.
- Has the ability to Multiply and Divide instructions.
32-Bit Microprocessors
INTEL 80386
- Introduced in 1986.
- The 80188 is an evolution of the cheaper version (80186 or x86) with an 8-bit external bus.
- 32-bit registers.
- Clock speed 12 MHz to 40 MHz, varies depending on version (80386 DX, 80386 SX, 80386 SL)
- It has a 32-bit address bus and a 32-bit data bus
- Can address 4GB of memory access
- Embedded 275,000 transistors.
- Can execute 4 million instructions per second.
- The best record for microprocessor sales in history.
INTEL 80486
- Introduced in 1989.
- 80188 is an evolution of the cheaper version (80186 or x86)
- 32-bit registers.
- Clock speed 16 MHz - 100 MHz, varies depending on version (80486 DX, 80486 SX, 80486 DX2, 80486 SL, 80486 DX4)
- It has a 32-bit address bus and a 32-bit data bus
- Can address 4GB of memory access
- Embedded 1.2 million transistors.
- Introducing 8KB cache memory.
INTEL PENTIUM
- Introduced in 1993.
- 80188 is an evolution of the cheaper version (80186 or x86)
- Real name 80586
- 32-bit registers.
- Clock speed 66 MHz
- It has a 32-bit address bus and a 32-bit data bus
- Can address 4GB of memory access
- Embedded 3.1 million transistors.
- Based on CMOS Technology
- Introducing 8KB cache memory.
- Capable of executing 110 million instructions per second.
- Cache memory (8KB for instructions, 8KB for data)
INTEL PENTIUM PRO
- Introduced in 1995.
- 80188 is an evolution of the cheaper version (80186 or x86)
- Real name 80586
- 32-bit registers.
- Clock speed 150 MHz - 200 MHz
- It has a 32-bit address bus and a 32-bit data bus
- Can address 4GB of memory access
- Embedded 21 million transistors.
- Used in server systems
- Introducing 8KB cache memory.
- Capable of executing 110 million instructions per second.
- Has 256KB L2 cache memory
- Cache memory (8KB for instructions, 8KB for data)
INTEL PENTIUM II
- Introduced in 1997.
- 32-bit registers.
- Clock speed 233MHz - 500 MHz.
- It has a 32-bit address bus and a 32-bit data bus
- Can address 4GB of memory access
- Embedded 7.5 million transistors.
- Supported by MMX technology (Multi Media eXtension or Multiple Math eXtension or Matrix Math eXtension)
- Capable of executing 333 million instructions per second.
- L2 Cache & processor are on one circuit.
INTEL PENTIUM II XEON
- Introduced in 1998.
- Designed for servers
- 32-bit registers.
- Clock speed 400 MHz -- 4.4 GHz
- Embedded 7.5 million transistors.
- x86 instruction set
- L1 cache 32KB, L2 cache 512KB, 1MB, 2MB.
- Can work with 4 Xeons in the same system.
- Up to 18 core
INTEL PENTIUM III
- Introduced in 1999.
- 32-bit registers.
- Clock speed 500 MHz -- 1.4GHz.
- Embedded 9.5 million transistors.
- x86 instruction set
- L1 cache 32KB, L2 cache 512KB, 1MB, 2MB.
- Up to 18 core
INTEL PENTIUM IV
- Introduced in 2000.
- 32-bit registers.
- Clock speed 1.3 GHz - 3.8 GHz.
- Embedded 42 million transistors.
- x86 instruction set
- L1 cache 32KB & L2 cache 256KB.
- All internal connections are made from aluminum to copper.
INTEL DUAL CORE
- Introduced in 2006.
- 32-bit or 64-bit registers
- Has 2 cores
- Supported by Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT), example: Adobe Photoshop supported SMT.
- Clock speed 1.3 GHz to 2.6 GHz
- Embedded 1.7 billion transistors.
- Instruction set : MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, x86-64
- Each core has an internal bus and L1 cache, but the L2 cache and external bus still have to be shared.
- All internal connections are made from aluminum to copper.
64-Bit Microprocessors
INTEL CORE 2
- Introduced in 2006.
- 64-bit registers
- Has 2 cores
- Supported by Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT), example: Adobe Photoshop supported SMT.
- Clock speed 1.2 GHz - 3 GHz, depending on the version (Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2 Quad, Intel Core 2 Extreme)
- Embedded 291 million transistors.
- Instruction set : MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, x86-64
- Each core has 64KB L1 cache and 4MB L2 cache.
INTEL CORE I7
- Introduced in 2008.
- 64-bit registers
- Has 4 physical cores
- Each core has 64 KB L1 cache, 256 KB L2 cache and 8 MB L3 cache
- Supported by Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT), example: Adobe Photoshop supported SMT.
- Clock speed 2.66GHz - 3.33 GHz, depending on the version (Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2 Quad, Intel Core 2 Extreme)
- Embedded 781 million transistors.
- Instruction set : MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, x86-64
INTEL CORE I5
- Introduced in 2009.
- 64-bit registers
- Has 4 physical cores
- Each core has 64 KB L1 cache, 256 KB L2 cache and 8 MB L3 cache
- Supported by Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT), example: Adobe Photoshop supported SMT.
- Clock speed 2.40 GHz - 3.60 GHz, depending on the version (Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2 Quad, Intel Core 2 Extreme)
- Embedded 781 million transistors.
- Instruction set : MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, x86-64
INTEL CORE I3
- Introduced in 2010.
- 64-bit registers
- Has 2 physical cores
- Each core has 64 KB L1 cache, 512 KB L2 cache and 4 MB L3 cache
- Supported by Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT), example: Adobe Photoshop supported SMT.
- Clock speed 2.93 GHz - 3.33 GHz, depending on the version (Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2 Quad, Intel Core 2 Extreme)
- Embedded 781 million transistors.
- Instruction set : MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, x86-64