About Computer Networks (ACN)

Substance:

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS
COMPUTER NETWORK TERMINOLOGY
COMPUTER NETWORK TOPOLOGY
COMPUTER NETWORK COMPONENTS

Introduction to Computer Networks

1. Definition

A computer network is a connection between two or more computer devices and/or other computing accessories to share data, printers, storage devices, internet connections, etc.

2. Functions of Computer Networks

Data sharing
Share internet connection
Share printers, storage devices, or other accessories
Interconnected, for example: multiplayer in games.

3. Advantages of Computer Networks

Speed: With a computer network, work will be faster, sharing facilities will facilitate data transfer between computers.
Cost: Hardware resources can be minimized because hardware can be shared between computers.
Security: Computer networks provide access rights to files or other resources.
Centralized Software Management: One of the advantages of a computer network is the centralization of application programs. This will reduce the time and effort to install programs on each computer.
Resource Sharing: Computer networks can overcome limited hardware (printers, CDROMs, etc.) and data.
Flexible Access: Users can access centralized data from any computer.

4. Network Configuration and Architecture

Path Configuration is the number of devices in a link:

Point to point: Connection between two network devices.
Multipoint: A connection between more than two network devices.

5. Based on its architecture, computer networks:

Terminal Host
Client Server
Peer to Peer

For more complete material, please see the presentation below:

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Computer Network Presentation Summary

A computer network is a system consisting of two or more computers that are connected to each other via transmission media or communication media so that they can share data, applications and share computer hardware.

The purpose of building a computer network is so that the information/data carried by the sender (transmitter) can reach the recipient (receiver) precisely and accurately.

There are many benefits to computer networks, including:

With a computer network, we can access files that we own as well as other people's files that have been distributed via a network, such as the internet.
Through a computer network, we can carry out the data sending process quickly and efficiently.
Computer networks help a person to connect with other people from different countries easily.
In addition, users can also send text, images, audio, and video in real time with the help of a computer network.
We can access news or information very easily via the internet because the internet is an example of a computer network.
For example, in an office that needs a printer, we do not need to buy a printer as many as the computers in the office. We only need to buy one printer to be used by all employees in the office with the help of a computer network.

Here are several types of computer networks that are distinguished,

Based on Geographical Reach

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

It is a network that only covers a small area, such as an internet cafe, office, school, or department of a company. Generally, the area of a LAN network is not far from 1 square kilometer. Broadly speaking, there are two types of LAN networks, namely Peer to Peer networks and Client-Server networks.

Transmission Media:

Coaxial Cable
Shielded & Unshielded Twisted Pair (STP/UTP)
Fiber Optic Cable
Wireless

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

It is a network that covers a city with high data transfer speed. It can be said that the MAN network is a combination of several LAN networks.

Connecting Media:

Using Backbone, which is a high-speed channel or connection that is the main path in a network. A backbone network is a network that connects several low-speed networks through a gateway. By using a backbone network, the problem of interconnection speed between local networks can be resolved. Actually, it is possible if we only use UTP network cables to combine the local networks, but it will feel very slow. Because UTP cables can only be passed with data transfer speeds of up to 100 Mbps, the backbone network can load up to 10 Gbps.

3. Wide Area Network (WAN)

It is a network whose reach covers a wide geographical area, such as a country or even a continent.

Involving Multiple Transmission Media:

Copper Media - Telephone lines, coaxial cable, Shielded Twisted Pair (STP), Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), CAT cable etc.
Fiber Optic Media -- Single-Mode and Multi-Mode.
Wireless - Radio frequency channels, microwave links, satellite channels, BlueTooth, Wi-Fi, private wireless networks (home, corporate LANs) and publicly accessible ad hoc wireless networks "hot spots"

Based on Distribution of Information / Data Sources

A centralized network is a network consisting of client computers and server computers where the client computer acts as an intermediary in accessing information/data sources originating from the server computer.

A distributed network is the result of a combination of several centralized networks, allowing several server and client computers to be connected to each other to form a specific network system.

Based on the Data Transmission Media Used

Wired Network The data transmission media used in this network is a cable. The cable is used to connect one computer to another so that they can exchange information/data or connect to the internet.

Wireless Network In this network, electromagnetic waves are required as a data transmission medium.

Based on the Role and Relationship of Each Computer in Processing Data

Client-Server Network This network consists of one or more server computers and client computers. Usually consists of one server computer and several client computers. The server computer is responsible for providing data resources, while the client computers can only use the data resources.

Peer to Peer Network In this network, each computer, be it a server computer or a client computer, has the same position. So, a server computer can be a client computer, and vice versa, a client computer can also be a server computer.

Based on the Network Topology Used

1. Bus Topology

With this topology, computers are connected in a chain (daisy chain) using a cable which is generally a single coaxial cable.

2. Star Topology

It is a centralized control, all links must pass through the center which distributes the data to all nodes or clients it selects.

3. Ring Topology

The token-ring method (often called ring) is a way of connecting computers so that they form a ring (circle). This topology is similar to the bus topology except that the ends are connected to form a circle.

4. Mesh Topology

This network has dual paths from each device on the computer network.

5. Peer to Peer Topology

Peer-to-peer network is a computer network consisting of several computers (usually no more than 10 computers with 1-2 printers). In this network system, the main focus is on the use of programs, data and printers together.

6. Linear Topology

Linear topology or commonly called serial bus topology. In this topology usually uses one main cable to connect each connection point on each computer.

7. Tree Topology

Star-Bus topology is a combination of star and bus topology. This topology is the most widely used in larger office networks.

8. Hybrid Topology

Hybrid topology is a combined topology between several different topologies. When two or more different topologies are connected to each other, that is when the combination of the topologies forms a hybrid topology.

Computer Network Protocol

Network Protocols are the rules used in a network so that network member computers and computers on different platforms can communicate with each other. What is regulated is the Topology/Physical Form, Network, Cable used, and Transfer Speed.

Types of Computer Network Protocols

Ethernet. Ethernet uses an access method called CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision. Detection) in communicating data. It works by observing the network before data transformation or transmission is carried out. If the path is still busy, it will wait to send data until the path is clear of data.
Local Talk. Local Talk uses an access method called CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision. Avoidance) in communicating data. The Local Talk protocol works by avoiding collisions when sending data. Local Talk adapters and special Twisted Pair cables are used in this network via serial ports.
Token Ring. The Token Ring method is through a Token in a circle like a ring. The Token signal moves around in a circle (ring) in a network and moves from one computer to another. If at a stopover on one of the computers there is data to be transmitted, the Token will send the data to the desired location. Furthermore, the Token moves to connect each other between computers.
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface). FDDI is a network protocol with a Token model access method. FDDI connects several computers over long distances. This topology is the same as Token Ring but uses 2 rings. With the intention that if ring 1 has a problem, it will automatically switch to ring 2.

IP Address

An IP address (Internet Protocol Address or often abbreviated as IP) is a series of binary numbers between 32-bits to 128-bits that are used as identification addresses for each host computer in an Internet network. The length of this number is 32-bits (for IPv4 or IP version 4), and 128-bits (for IPv6 or IP version 6) which indicates the address of the computer on a TCP/IP-based Internet network.

This IP addressing system is divided into two, namely:

IP version 4 (IPv4)
IP version 6 (IPv6)

The following table describes a comparison of characteristics between IP version 4 addresses and IP version 6 addresses.

Comparison Table of IPV4 vs. IPV6

Domain Name System (DNS)

Domain Name System (DNS) is a system that stores information about host names or domain names in the form of a distributed database in a computer network, for example: the Internet. DNS provides an IP address for each host name and lists each mail exchange server that receives email for each domain. According to the Google Chrome browser, DNS is a network service that translates website names into internet addresses.

DNS provides a service that is quite important for the Internet, while computer hardware and networks work with IP addresses to perform tasks such as addressing and routing, humans generally prefer to use hostnames and domain names, examples of which are universal resource designators (URLs) and email addresses. A common analogy used to explain its function is that DNS can be thought of as an Internet phone book where when a user types www.indosat.net.id into a web browser, the user will be directed to the IP addresses 124.81.92.144 (IPv4) and 2001:e00:d:10:3:140::83 (IPv6).

Computer Network Equipment

Basic Concepts of Computer Networks

Okay, for this first meeting, let's start with a very light discussion first, including:

What is a computer network?
Requirements of a Computer Network
Properties of Computer Networks
Underlying Principle
What are the benefits of computer networks?
How are computer networks classified?
What are computer network devices?
What is protocol architecture?
How are Layers and Services Related?
What is the OSI Model?

Simple Example of Computer Network

1. What is a computer network?

A shared platform through which a large number of users and applications communicate with each other. (Yin Dar Lin).

A platform for sharing (data, software hardware resources) with various users and applications, which communicate with each other. (Yin Dar Lin).

2. Requirements for a Computer Network

There are at least 2 computers connected to each other. The computers do not have to be desktop computers. The connection can be wired, wireless, or a combination of both.
There are users.
There is data, information exchanged in it.
There is joint use of software, hardware.

3. Properties of Computer Networks

Scalability: Computer networks can be adjusted to needs, can grow, eliminating geographical/physical limitations.
Resource Sharing: Sharing software and hardware resources.
Connectivity: Easy to connect and connect. In a set of nodes, links, graph. Utilizing devices: router, switch, hub, wired, wireless.
Reliability: Computer network performance can be measured, the reliability of a network.

4. Basic Principle/Underlying Principle

There are 4 basic principles (underlying principles) in computer networks:

Performance measure. Discussed in the next slide.
Operations on the control plane. Operations to control data packets such as routing (mapping where the packet will be sent), forwarding (the process of sending packets), packets are approved (apply) to be forwarded periodically.
Operations on Data Plane. Operations on data are to approve (apply) all packets for immediate forwarding. (Forwarding, classification, deep packet inspection, error control traffic control, quality of service).
Interoperability. Discussed in the next slide.

5. What are the benefits of computer networks?

a. Data Sharing

As we have explained above, the conclusion is that we can share data.

b. Sharing Internet Connection

Example; in a computer network that only uses one internet LAN, then it is distributed to many points (nodes), such as those in an internet cafe.

c. Sharing printers, storage devices, or other accessories

As has been widely applied in offices, schools or factories. Where in one room there are several computers but to print documents is enough to be represented by only one printer, this is often known as print sharing.

d. Playing applications or games that support networks

Nowadays, there have been many web-based information system applications or online games that support multiplayer for both mobile devices and PCs. All of them utilize computer network technology.

6. How are computer networks classified?

Simple Topology

Look at the picture above, there are several computers connected to each other, maybe the topology above still seems very simple, so our imagination is still easy to catch / understand it. So what if the number of computers is more, or even the network is wider, not enough just one area?

Well, as the first, such a problem was solved and developed by Steve Crocker, a UCLA graduate student who helped create ARPANET ("Advanced Research Projects Agency Network"), which was the conceptual network before the Internet. Next ARPANET became part of the United States Department of Defense in the late 1960s early 1970s.

So that in its development, they succeeded in classifying computers into several types/kinds based on their scale of operation, namely:

LAN (Local Area Network)
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network)
INTERNET

a. LAN (Local Area Network)

This is a type of network that is designed to operate in a limited area,
Connections between devices are close together,
Providing full-time connectivity, this can be done because the devices covered are limited and the scope is also small, so the potential for interference is also small.
Network control is under local administration, so that the admin who builds the network has full authority to control the network, whether it is its topology, device arrangement, etc.

LAN Illustration

b. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

Covers a larger area than a LAN, for example between regions within one province,
Connecting several small networks into a larger area, or MAN can also be interpreted as a collection of several LANs.
Example: Bank network, where several branch offices in a city are connected to each other, either by cable or wirelessly.

MAN Illustration

c. WAN (Wide Area Network)

Operating over a wide geographic area
Consisting of several local networks in each area that are interconnected, or can also be interpreted as a collection of several MAN points.
The connection between LANs uses serial technology. With the variety of data types transmitted, it must be ensured that the connection between points runs well, therefore, the appropriate technology to apply is SERIAL.
Network equipment is spread over a wide area.

WAN illustration

The image above explains how a WAN type network connects several areas, possibly between continents, and when the connection between terrestrial networks (using cables or wireless) is not capable of handling connectivity, then satellite assistance can also be used.

d. INTERNET

It is a global or world network
A combination of small networks in the world, or can also be interpreted as a collection of several WAN points.
With the same policy, it allows multiple OS and applications to communicate with each other.

Internet Illustration

Policy/rules/standardization are needed so that the protocol at each point can run well. The protocol used in the network is TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). TCP/IP is a layered protocol that follows the ISO (International Organization of Standard) and OSI (Open System Interconnection) standards, making it possible to communicate between globals (worlds) even though they have different platforms/Operating Systems.

Internet Applications

Electronic Mail (Email) is the best way to send letters, much faster than sending conventional letters.
Web, this is the most dominant application in internet communication, allowing us to browse to search for information or often known as "surfing"
Conference and Chatting. Conference is a communication between more than two people using the internet to discuss the same problem, while Chatting is personal between two people.
File Transfer/File Transfer Protocol (FTP), allows sending data in various sizes.
Remote Computer, is the activity of an admin controlling/operating another computer remotely.

7. What are computer network devices?

Processing device (PC, printer, IP phone, laptop, PDA, mobile phone, etc.) = host
Network Interface Card
Transmission Media
Cables - wired: twisted pair, coaxial and fiber optic
Wireless: antenna, microwave, broadcast radio, infrared, and bluetooth
Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers and Gateways = nodes

8. What is protocol architecture?

a. Software of data communication network
b. Consists of layers, protocols and interfaces

The network is organized into a number of levels (layers) to reduce its complexity.
Each layer is created based on the layer below it.
Between layers there is an interface that determines the operations and services provided by the lower layer to the layer above it.
Layers at the same level on two different hosts can communicate with each other by following a number of rules and regulations called protocols.

c. Two models:

OSI (just a concept)
TCP/IP (used commercially).

9. How is the Relationship between Layers and Services?

10. How is the OSI Layer Model?

a. Open Source Interconnection
b. Created by the International Standard Organization to provide a common model for data communication networks
c. Consists of 7 layers:

Physical layer
Data link layer
Network layer
Transport layer
Session layer
Presentation layer
Application layer

OSI Layer Model

1. Physical Layer

a. Handling the sending of data bits through a communication channel
b. Ensuring that if one entity sends bit 1, then the other entity must also receive bit 1
c. The main function is to determine

how many volts for bit 1 and 0
how many nanoseconds a bit can survive in a communication channel
when the initial connection is made and terminated when the two entities have finished exchanging data.
the number of pins used by the network connector and the function of each pin

d. Examples: token ring, IEEE 802.11
e. Devices that operate at this layer are hubs, repeaters, network adapters/network interface cards, and host bus adapters (used in storage area networks)

2. Data Link Layer

Provides procedures for sending data between networks
Detecting and correcting errors that may occur in the physical layer
Has a physical address that has been coded directly into the network card when the card was manufactured (called a MAC Address)
Examples: Ethernet, HDLC, Aloha, IEEE 802 LAN, FDDI
Devices that operate at this layer are bridges and layer-2 switches.

3. Network Layer

a. Determines the procedure for sending sequential data of various sizes, from source to destination, through one or more networks, while maintaining the Quality of Service (QoS) requested by the transport layer
b. Function:

Routing: determining the delivery path from source to destination, can be static (using static tables suitable for networks that rarely change) or dynamic (determining a new path for each data sent)
Congestion control (congestion in the data sending process)
Maintaining QoS (delay, transit time, jitter, etc.)
Provides an interface for different networks to communicate with each other.

c. Example: Internet Protocol (IP)
d. Devices that operate at this layer are routers and layer-3 switches.

4. Transport Layer

Receives data from the layer above it, breaks the data into smaller units (often called packets), passes them on to the network layer and ensures that all packets arrive at the receiving end without any errors.
This layer must perform the above processes efficiently and ensure that the layers above are not affected by changes in hardware technology.
Function: Flow control, Segmentation/desegmentation, Error control.
Examples: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP).

5. Session Layer

Allows users using different machines to create dialogues (sessions) between them.
Functions: Dialogue control: monitor sending turns, Token management: prevent two parties from performing very critical and important operations simultaneously
Synchronization: marks the unsent data section when a delivery crash occurs, so that delivery can continue exactly where it is.

6. Presentation Layer

Sets the syntax and semantics of the data sent.
Data manipulation such as MIME encoding, compression, and encryption are performed at this layer.

7. Application Layer

Very close to the user
Provides a user interface to the network through applications
Examples of widely used application protocols: hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) used on the world wide web, file transfer protocol (FTP) for sending files between computers, simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) for email.

8. TCP/IP Model

The protocol architecture used by the Internet and other commercial networks

Consists of 4 layers:

Data link layer
Network layer
Transport layer
Application layer

9. Data Link Layer

It's not actually part of the TCP/IP suite.
The process of sending and receiving packets for this layer can be carried out by the device driver software of the network card/adapter used.
This layer also includes the physical layer, which consists of physical components such as hubs, repeaters, network cables (UTP, fiber, coaxial), network cards, network connectors (RJ-45, BNC, etc.) and specifications for signals (voltage levels, frequencies, etc.).

10. Network Layer

Initially the network layer was intended to send packets between hosts on a network, for example X.25.
Development to Internetworking, where the packet delivery path from source to destination is via other networks (routing)
Some protocols that are part of IP are ICMP (provides diagnostic information for sending IP packets), IGMP (manages multicast data), routing protocols such as BGP, OSPF and RIP.

11. Transport Layer

Provides end-to-end messaging services that can be categorized as:

Connection-oriented: TCP (byte-oriented) and SCTP (stream-oriented)
Connectionless: UDP and RTP (datagram).

12. Application Layer

This layer includes the presentation and session layers of the OSI model, where the services of these layers are provided through libraries.
User data to be sent over the network is received via the application layer, then forwarded to the layer below it, namely the transport layer.
Every application that uses TCP or UDP, requires a port as the identity of the application. Example: the port for HTTP is 80, the port for FTP is 21

Port numbers (16 bits) are used by TCP or UDP to distinguish each process that uses their services.

Well known ports: 0 to 1023 are reserved by the Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) → cannot be used freely
Registered ports: 1024 to 49151 → not controlled by IANA but cannot be used freely because they are reserved by the computer system.
Dynamic or private or ephemeral (short-lived) ports: 49152 to 65535 → can be used freely by users

13. Network Operating System

Provides special functions for

connecting a number of computers and other devices to a network
managing network resources
provide services
provides network security for multiple users.

Commonly used client/server network operating systems: Windows NT Server family (Windows Server 2000 and 2003), Novell NetWare, and Unix/Linux.

Windows 98, Windows 2000 professional, Windows XP professional, and Windows NT Workstation are not used by servers, but can be used to provide resources to the network, such as accessing files and printers.

14. Appendix - What is the Basic Concept of Computer Networks?

What are the benefits of the computer network itself?

In order for a network to function, services are needed that can regulate the distribution of resources.

Not only that, in order for communication to run smoothly and not collide with each other, rules (protocols) are needed that regulate communication and services in general for the entire network system.

How does a computer network communication system work?

Computer network = data communication network = communication system. Data exchange is at least between two entities.

Reference:

Introduction to Computer Networks, Dr Ing Ir Suhardi, MT MM ERMCP (STEI)
Introduction to Computer Networks, I Putu Agus Eka Pratama, ST MT (ITB)
http://unasinnott.com/the-arpanet-an-early-network-which-paved-the-way-for-the-web/
http://wireless-network-support.blogspot.co.id/2009/08/what-is-lan-wlan-wan-man-san-can-pan.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1OETxbBRmc

Understanding Computer Network Protocols

A complex data communication system does not use just one protocol, but rather multiprotocol / protocol suite / protocol family. In order for the global data communication system to run smoothly, protocol standardization is needed, and this idea has been designed by Leonard Kleinrock, an American engineer and scientist who is called the Father of the Internet. A professor of computer science at the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Science, he made important contributions to several areas of computer networking, especially for the theoretical side of computer networking. So that protocol standards can guarantee:

Full compatibility between two identical devices
Can serve multiple devices with different capabilities
Generally applicable and easy to learn or apply.

Computer Network Protocol

1. Protocol Definition

Protocol is a collection of rules related to data communication between communication devices/tools, so that messages/data can be sent/received correctly. Protocol describes:

How data is physically constructed
How a computer connects to a network
How data with a certain format is transmitted
How the data is transmitted
How to solve errors when data fails to send.

2. Protocol Function

Making the relationship between sender and receiver more effective in a communication
Delivering information with high reliability.

3. Protocol Architecture

Software of data communication network
Consists of several organized layers
Between layers there is an interface that determines the operations and services provided by the layer below it.
Layers at the same level on two different hosts can communicate with each other by following a number of rules/provisions called Protocols.

4. Protocol Elements

Syntax: includes everything related to the arrangement, format and pattern of bits and bytes
Semantics: includes control information for coordination and error control.
Timing: the appropriateness of sequence and speed.

5. Protocol Standardization Organization

EIA (Electronic Industries Association), which is an organization engaged in electronics manufacturing in the United States.
CCITT (Comitee Consultative Internationale de Telegraphique et Thelephonique), which is a Commission under the ITU (International Telecommunications Union). CCITT is now known as ITU-T.
ISO (International Standards Organization).
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA).
ANSI (American National Standards Institute).
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

6. Protocol Type / Model

There are 4 basic protocol models used in computer networks, namely:

7. How the OSI Model Works

https://youtu.be/p5i5ZE3Oquo

8. OSI Model Games

Use the directional keys on the keyboard!

https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/tchbiizvcixm3qn/Model%20OSI%20Game.swf

If it turns out that you still can't solve the OSI Model Game above, then please improve your understanding of the material here OSI Reference Model .

Reference

Understanding Network Devices

This chapter will discuss the various types of network devices that can be passed through the TCP/IP protocol, as well as the transmission media used and the distribution devices.

Internetworking (WAN, MAN, LAN)

Comparison of Computer Networks

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

LAN is a computer network that covers a local area, such as a home, office or group of buildings. LANs now mostly use technology based on IEEE 802.3 Ethernet switches, or with Wi-Fi. Most run at speeds of 10, 100, or 1000 Mbps.

The striking difference between a Local Area Network (LAN) and a Wide Area Network (WAN) is that it uses more data, is only for a small area, and does not require network rental.

Although now the most widely used ethernet switch on the physical layer using TCP/IP as the protocol, at least there are still many other devices that can be used to build a LAN. LAN can be connected to other LANs using routers and leased lines to form a WAN. In addition, it can be connected to the internet and can be connected to other LANs using tunnels and VPN technology.

Devices commonly used in LAN:

LAN Devices

Technologies used on LAN:

LAN Technology

2. Ethernet and IEEE 802.x Local Area Network

The most widely used network device with IEEE 802.3 standardization, the data format can be seen in the image below:

Frame format for Ethernet and IEEE 802.3

In the data link layer, IEEE 802.2 is used, namely Logical Link Controller (LLC) which is used in Media Access Control (MAC).

Some Ethernet technologies include:

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

For Ethernet technology the format used is:

[ x ][ y ][ z ]

Example: 10BaseT, where it means 10, is the speed with Mbps units. In addition to 10 there are also 100, 1000 Base, is the technology used in the form of Baseband. In addition there is also Broadband T, is Twisted Pair, where the media used is twisted cable (twisted pair).

3. Ethernet Technology Performance

Coax - 10Base-5

Also known as thick ethernet technology. Where the device used is as shown in the image below. This technology is used on the Token Ring network (IEEE 802.5), where the network is formed like a circle.

Ethernet 10Base5

Information :

Tap : no need to cut the cable
Transceiver: used as a transmitter/receiver, collision detection, and electrical isolation.
AUI: Attachment User Interface
Used for backbone networks
Maximum distance for each segment = 500m
Maximum number of hosts per segment = 100
Minimum distance between 2 stations = 2.5m
Maximum distance between 2 stations = 2.8km

Coax - 0Base-2

Also known as thin ethernet technology. Where the devices used are as shown in the image below:

Ethernet 10Base2

Information:

Using BNC connectors
Used in office LAN
Maximum segment distance = 185m
Maximum number of stations per segment = 30
Minimum distance between 2 stations = 0.5m
Maximum distance between 2 stations = 925m

Copper (cooper) - 10Base-T

Network technology for LAN which uses hub as repeater. Illustration of Ethernet 10BaseT as in the picture below:

Ethernet 10BaseT

If using T means using Twisted Pair media, and if using F means using Fiber Optic media. For devices on the user side, it is also called Network Interface Card (NIC).

Fiber - 10Base-F

Technology that uses fiber optic and is widely used to connect between buildings. The maximum distance of the segment allowed is 2000m.

Fast Ethernet - Copper - 100Base-T2

Data is transmitted via 2 pairs of copper wires

Fast Ethernet - Copper - 100Base-T4

Ethernet network with speeds up to 100 (fast ethernet). The maximum distance per segment is 100m using category 3 twisted pair cable.

Fast Ethernet - Copper - 100Base-Tx

100Mbps high-speed Ethernet network. The maximum segment distance is 100m full duplex. This network uses twisted pair cable.

Fast Ethernet - Fiber - 100Base-FX

100Mbps high-speed Ethernet network. The maximum distance per segment is 2000m full duplex using 2 fiber optic cables.

Fast Ethernet - Fiber - 100Base-SX

Ethernet network uses 2 fiber optic cables to transmit and receive with a maximum distance of 300m.

Fast Ethernet - Fiber - 100Base-BX

Ethernet network uses 1 fiber optic cable with singlemode type.

Gigabit Ethernet - Cooper - 1000Base-TX

Ethernet network with a speed of 1000Mbps. Using Twisted Pair cable media, namely 4 pairs of UTP. The maximum distance per segment is 100m.

Gigabit Ethernet - Fiber - 1000Base-SX

Ethernet network with a speed of 1000Mbps. Using fiber optic media with a maximum distance per segment of 550m. The fiber optic used is a multimode type (50, 62.5 microns).

Gigabit Ethernet - Fiber - 1000Base-LX

Ethernet network with a speed of 1000Mbps. Using fiber optic media with a maximum distance per segment of up to 5000m. The fiber optic used is a singlemode type (10 microns) or multimode (50, 62.5 microns).

Gigabit Ethernet - Fiber - 1000Base-CX

Ethernet network with a speed of 1000Mbps. Using Twisted Pair cable media, namely 2 pairs of STP. The maximum distance per segment is 25m.

10Gigabit Ethernet - Fiber - LAN Phy - 10GBase-SR

10Gigabit network for short-range, used for distances of 26m to 82m. Can reach 300m when using 50um 2000MHz-km multimode FO.

10Gigabit Ethernet - Fiber - LAN Phy - 10GBase-LRM

Achieve a distance of 220m using FDDI-grade 62.5 μm multimode FO.

10Gigabit Ethernet - Fiber - LAN Phy - 10GBase-LR

Reach a range of 10km using 1310 nm single-mode FO.

10Gigabit Ethernet - Fiber - LAN Phy - 10GBase-ER

Reaching a range of 40km using 1550 nm single-mode FO.

10Gigabit Ethernet - Fiber - LAN Phy - 10GBase-LX4

10Gigabit network using wavelength division multiplexing technology up to 240m -- 300m. Can reach 10km using single-mode FO with a size of 1310nm.

10Gigabit Ethernet - Fiber - WAN Phy

10GBase-SW, 10GBase-LW, and 10GBase-EW are used for WAN networks, used in conjunction with OC-192/STM-64 SDH/SONET.

Cooper - 10GBase-CX4

Using 4 copper cable lines, up to 15m.

Cooper - 10GBase-T

Using UTP / STP cables with categories 6 and 7.

Hub, Switch and Router

Devices used for this technology include:

Hub, Repeater: these devices work on layer 1
Switch, bridge: these devices work on layer 2
Router: this device works on layer 3

So according to the OSI layer, the devices that can be used are as shown in the image below:

Network Devices according to Layer

The difference in how Hub and Switch work can be seen in Figure 3.11 and Figure 3.12.

Figure 3.11 How HUB works

Figure 3.12 How the Switch works

Name & Explain the Types of Computer Networks!

Based on connection (connectedness):

Broadcast Links
Point-to-point Links

Based on scale:

Local Area Network (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Internetwork (internet)

Based on topology:

Bus
Star
Ring
etc.

Based on the protocol:

Ethernet
Token Ring
etc.

Based on architecture

Peer to peer
Client/Server
hybrid

LAN

A local computer network owned by an organization, where the interconnected network devices are located within a building or between buildings several km apart.

Technology used:

Ethernet LAN
Wireless LAN

LAN configuration example

MAN

A computer network that covers a city.
Technology: cable TV network

MAN Configuration Example in Cable TV System

WAN

A computer network that has a wider reach than a LAN, namely from countries to continents.

Technology used:

Circuit Switching
Packet Switching
Frame Relay
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Mobile wireless network

WAN Configuration Example

Internet

A collection of different networks (LANs, WANs, or both) that are interconnected

Internet Configuration Example

Client/Server

Definition:

Server (back end) = service provider that provides access to network resources
Client (front end) = computer that requests services from the server

So Client/Server is a data communication network consisting of many clients and one or more servers.

Profit:

Centralized data storage makes it easy to manage and backup data.
Using optimal server specifications speeds up the communication process on the network.
Ease of managing users and sharing expensive equipment
Security is more assured

Lack:

Cost of purchasing server hardware and software
Network administrator required.

Peer to Peer

A workgroup, where each computer can function as both a client and a server.

Profit:

There are no additional costs for purchasing server hardware and software.
No network administrator required

Lack:

Sharing resources burdens the processes on the computer in question.
Security is not guaranteed

Hybrid

Combines the advantages of client/server and peer-to-peer networks.
Users can access resources shared by a peer-to-peer network, and can simultaneously use resources provided by the server.