What is BIOS?
Basic Input Output system. Software installed on a computer chip to regulate basic operations such as screen, hard disk, memory, VGA, etc. Part of the operating system that can identify the set of programs used to boot the computer, before placing the system diskette. BIOS is located in the ROM (Read Only Memory) of the system and is generally stored permanently. The program used by the microprocessor to turn on the computer. BIOS also regulates the flow of data between the computer's operating system and additional devices connected to the computer.
PC Installation Glossary (Terms)
What is a Bus?
A channel consisting of a set of similar paths. A set of cables that are a means of transporting information to all equipment in the system. The information can be data, commands or addresses.
What is Cache Memory?
High-speed memory that can work with the CPU, acting as a buffer between the CPU and the slow main memory.
What is a Casing?
Casing. A box where the computer engine (motherboard and its supporting elements, power supply, disk drive, hard disk, CD ROM drive) is located. A container or place to protect the motherboard, control board, power supply disk drive and other components. A computer case is actually nothing more than a frame of a computer. This case is where the components that make up a computer system are located, also to place the cooling fan, and also to ground the electricity contained in the existing components through a frame made of iron. A large case with lots of expansion space is preferred, with lots of expansion space you can add other devices easily. Examples of devices that can be added include DVD drives, CD writers, and others. Currently, tower-shaped cases are usually preferred over desktop-shaped cases because they have more space for expansion, and can also have better cooling capabilities. A case can be AT or ATX, where the difference lies in the position of the motherboard later, as well as the power supply that comes with the case. Computer cases usually come with a power supply, although it is sometimes recommended that you purchase the power supply separately so that you can get both items at the same high quality.
What is a CD ROM Drive?
CD ROM player. A drive for recording or playing Compact Disks, which are often found are CD-ROM (CD Read Only Memory) MO (Magneto-Optical) and WORM (Write Once Read Many).
What is CGA?
Color Graphics Adaptor. One type of monitor, namely the IBM standard for low resolution monitor quality, in graphics mode can only display 4 colors.
What is Clock?
Clock/timer. Frequency generator circuit. The primary source of the computer's electronic pulses. The clock is used to synchronize the operation of all computer elements.
What is CMOS?
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. A small 64 byte RAM that stores BIOS settings when the computer is turned off. CMOS is an extension of MOS technology that produces ICs with low battery power requirements. CMOS is used to store configuration programs, diagnostic programs and file creation date and time information that will not be lost even if the computer is turned off.
What is CPU?
Central Processing Unit. The main processing unit in technical terms is called a microprocessor, while in general terms it is a computer machine, namely the casing and all the contents inside. The input processing center to produce output. Included here are all registers, arithmetic circuits, comparison units, etc.
What is CRT?
Cathode Ray Tube Technology used to create computer display/monitor systems using cathode ray tubes.
What is a Disk?
A data storage medium. What is meant by disk is a floppy disk or hard disk. While a floppy disk is a diskette. A thin disk coated with magnetic material (iron oxide) that is able to store a number of data or information. Reading and writing information is centered on the track.
What is DRAM?
Dynamic RAM. PC memory that can be read and written. To store data in memory, its contents need to be refreshed periodically. This type of memory is widely used in the main memory section used for routine processes.
What is Drive?
Doors, disk drives.
What is EGA?
Enhanced Graphics Adaptor. One of the monitor resolution standards. EGA is capable of displaying 16 colors in a graphic model, one level above the CGA monitor. Monitors with EGA cards are capable of displaying 16 colors in text form (80 x 25 characters or 40 x 25 characters), 16 colors in low resolution and 4 colors in high resolution and 640 x 350 dots graphic display.
The development of the EGA type includes ATI Technologies Inc with a card called EGA WONDER, which can display 132 x 25 characters. The EGA type monitor still uses the same monitor connector as the CGA and Monochrome type monitors. EVEREX released the EPGA (Enhanced Professional Graphics Adapter) card, capable of displaying 649 x 480 dots with 256 colors, from 4096 basic color combinations (palette). EPGA and also called PEGA (Professional
Enhanced Graphics Adapter), or PGA (Proffesional Graphics Adapter), displays a 132 x 43 character text display at multi frequency or Ultra sync, and the flexibility to use either a monochrome monitor or an enhanced monitor. This monitor uses a 9-pin connector consisting of 2 rows.
What is a Hard Disk?
Large capacity data storage media.
What is Head?
Head, recording end, part of a drive or disk that is used for reading or writing.
What is a Keyboard?
Keyboard, keyboard.
What is a Motherboard?
The computer's circuit board is where all the electronic components of the computer are assembled.
What are Peripherals?
Equipment. Specifications of supporting equipment needed by a PC to work optimally.
What is PIC?
Programmable Interupt Controller. Programmable interrupt control. A chip that functions to control the interrupt process between peripherals. A peripheral interrupt controller that helps the CPU work in the interrupt process.
What is a Power Supply?
An electronic circuit that functions as a power supply/voltage/current source provider for equipment.
What is VRAM?
Video Random Access Memory (Video RAM) A special type of DRAM that allows direct high-speed memory access through video circuitry. This type of memory is more expensive than conventional DRAM chips.
The above review is the Computer Installation Glossary
The module entitled "Installing a PC" is a teaching material used as a practical guide for Vocational High School (SMK) training participants to form one part of the competency in the field of expertise of INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY in the COMPUTER AND NETWORK ENGINEERING Expertise Program.
This module describes the method or process of installing a PC starting with determining the computer specifications to testing the PC. Learning Activity 1 discusses how to choose computer components and specifications. Learning Activity 2 discusses how to install PC components. Learning Activity 3 discusses how to configure a PC. Learning Activity 4 discusses how to add equipment to a PC. While Learning Activity 5 discusses how to check the results of a PC installation.
This module is related to other modules that discuss Operating a stand-alone PC with a text-based operating system, Operating a stand-alone PC with a GUI-based operating system, Operating peripherals, Configuring and determining PC device specifications, including components in the input, process and output sections.
Therefore, before using this module, training participants are required to have taken these modules.
1. Module Position Map
Information:
| HDW.DEV.100.(2).A[1] | Menginstalasi PC |
|----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| HDW.MNT.201.(2).A | Mendiagnosis permasalahan pengoperasian PC dan periferal |
| HDW.MNT.203.(2).A | Melakukan perbaikan dan / atau setting ulang sistem PC |
| HDW.MNT.204.(2).A | Melakukan perbaikan periferal |
| HDW.MNT.101.(2).A | Melakukan perawatan PC |
| HDW.MNT.102.(2).A | Melakukan perawatan periferal |
| SWR.OPR.101.(2).A• | Menginstalasi sistem operasi berbasis GUI (Graphical User Interface) |
| SWR.OPR.102.(2).A• | Menginstalasi sistem operasi berbasis text |
| SWR.OPR.100.(1).A | Menginstalasi software |
| SWR.MNT.201.(1).A | Mem-Back-Up dan Me-Restore software |
| NTW.OPR.100.(2).A• | Menginstalasi perangkat jaringan lokal (Local Area Network) |
| HDW.MNT.202.(2).A | Mendiagnosis permasalahan pengoperasian PC yang tersambung jaringan |
| HDW.MNT.205.(2).A | Melakukan perbaikan dan/atau setting ulang koneksi jaringan |
| SWR.OPR.103.(2).A• | Menginstalasi sistem operasi jaringan berbasis GUI (Graphical User Interface) |
| SWR.OPR.104.(2).A• | Menginstalasi sistem operasi jaringan berbasis text |
| NTW.OPR.200.(2).A• | Menginstalasi perangkat jaringan berbasis luas (Wide Area Network ) |
| NTW.MNT.201.(2).A• | Mendiagnosis permasalahan perangkat yang tersambung jaringan berbasis luas (Wide Area Network ) |
| NTW.MNT.202.(2).A• | Melakukan perbaikan dan/atau setting ulang koneksi jaringan berbasis luas (Wide Area Network) |
| NTW.MNT.300.(3).A• | Mengadministrasi server dalam jaringan |
| A | Merancang bangun dan menganalisa Wide Area Network |2. Terminology / Glossary
BIOS
Basic Input Output system. Software installed on a computer chip to regulate basic operations such as screen, hard disk, memory, VGA, etc. Part of the operating system that can identify the set of programs used to boot the computer, before placing the system diskette. BIOS is located in the ROM (Read Only Memory) of the system and is generally stored permanently. The program used by the microprocessor to turn on the computer. BIOS also regulates the flow of data between the computer's operating system and additional devices connected to the computer.
Bus
A channel consisting of a set of similar paths. A set of cables that are a means of transporting information to all equipment in the system. The information can be data, commands or addresses.
Cache Memory
High-speed memory that can work with the CPU, acting as a buffer between the CPU and the slow main memory.
Casing
Case A box where the computer engine (motherboard and its supporting elements, power supply, disk drive, hard drive, CD ROM drive) is located. A container or place to protect the motherboard, control board, power supply disk drive and other components. A computer case is actually nothing more than a frame of a computer. This case is where the components that make up a computer system are located, also to place the cooling fan, and also to ground the electricity contained in the existing components through a frame made of iron. A large case with lots of expansion space is preferred, with lots of expansion space you can add other devices easily. Examples of devices that can be added include DVD drives, CD writers, and others. Currently, tower-shaped cases are usually preferred over desktop-shaped cases because they have more space for expansion, and can also have better cooling capabilities. A case can be AT or ATX, where the difference lies in the position of the motherboard later, as well as the power supply that comes with the case. Computer cases usually come with a power supply, although it is sometimes recommended that you purchase the power supply separately so that you can get both items at the same high quality.
CD ROM Drive
CD ROM player. A drive for recording or playing Compact Disks, which are often found are CD-ROM (CD Read Only Memory) MO (Magneto-Optical) and WORM (Write Once Read Many).
CGA
Color Graphics Adaptor. One type of monitor, namely the IBM standard for low resolution monitor quality, in graphics mode can only display 4 colors.
Clock
Clock/timer. Frequency generator circuit. The primary source of the computer's electronic pulses. The clock is used to synchronize the operation of all computer elements.
CMOS
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. A small 64 byte RAM that stores BIOS settings when the computer is turned off. CMOS is an extension of MOS technology that produces ICs with low battery power requirements. CMOS is used to store configuration programs, diagnostic programs and file creation date and time information that will not be lost even if the computer is turned off.
CPU
Central Processing Unit. The main processing unit in technical terms is called a microprocessor, while in general terms it is a computer machine, namely the casing and all the contents inside. The input processing center to produce output. Included here are all registers, arithmetic circuits, comparison units, etc.
CRT
Cathode Ray Tube Technology used to create computer display/monitor systems using cathode ray tubes.
Disk
A data storage medium. What is meant by disk is a floppy disk or hard disk. While a floppy disk is a diskette. A thin disk coated with magnetic material (iron oxide) that is able to store a number of data or information. Reading and writing information is centered on the track.
DRAM
Dynamic RAM. PC memory that can be read and written. To store data in memory, its contents need to be refreshed periodically. This type of memory is widely used in the main memory section used for routine processes.
Drive
Doors, disk drives.
HAS
Enhanced Graphics Adaptor. One of the monitor resolution standards. EGA is capable of displaying 16 colors in a graphic model, one level above the CGA monitor. Monitors with EGA cards are capable of displaying 16 colors in text form (80 x 25 characters or 40 x 25 characters), 16 colors in low resolution and 4 colors in high resolution and a 640 x 350 dot graphic display. The development of the EGA type includes ATI Technologies Inc with a card called EGA WONDER, which can display 132 x 25 characters. EGA type monitors still use the same monitor connector as CGA and Monochrome type monitors. EVEREX released the EPGA (Enhanced Professional Graphics Adapter) card, capable of displaying 649 x 480 dots with 256 colors, from 4096 basic color combinations (palette). EPGA and also called PEGA (Proffesional Enhanced Graphics Adapter), or PGA (Proffesional Graphics Adapter), displays 132 x 43 character text display at multi frequency or Ultra sync, and the flexibility to use monochrome or enhanced monitors. This monitor uses a 9 pin connector consisting of 2 rows.
Hard disk
Large capacity data storage media. Head / Head, recording end, part of the drive or disk that functions to read or write.
Keyboard
Keyboard, keyboard.
Motherboard
The computer's circuit board is where all the electronic components of the computer are assembled.
Peripheral
Equipment Specifications of supporting equipment required by a PC to work optimally.
PIC
Programmable Interupt Controller. Programmable interrupt control. A chip that functions to control the interrupt process between peripherals. A peripheral interrupt controller that helps the CPU work in the interrupt process.
Power Supply
An electronic circuit that functions as a power supply/voltage/current source provider for equipment.
VRAM
Video Random Access Memory (Video RAM) A special type of DRAM that allows direct high-speed memory access through video circuitry. This type of memory is more expensive than conventional DRAM chips.
3. Title Description
INSTALLING A PC is a theory and/or practical module that discusses how to determine computer specifications, assemble/install computer components and equipment, set up equipment and test PC computers and their equipment. This module consists of 5 (five) learning activities, namely selecting computer components and specifications, how to install PC components, how to configure, adding equipment, and checking installation results.
4. Prerequisites
The initial skills required to study this module are:
- Training participants have passed the training module/material on Operating a stand-alone PC with a text-based operating system.
- Training participants have passed the module/material Operating a stand-alone PC with a GUI-based operating system.
- Training participants have passed the training module/material Operating peripherals.
- Training participants master the basic concepts of electricity including static and dynamic electricity (Physics Training Subject).
- Training participants are able to configure and determine PC device specifications, including components in the input, process and output sections.
- Training participants are able to read pictures
- Training participants are able to speak English
- Training participants can use common hand tools and electrical tools.
5. Instructions for Students
Students are expected to be able to play an active role and interact with learning resources that support them, therefore the following things must be considered:
a. Step by step learning
To become more competent and professional in PC installation work, you should pay attention to the following things:
- What to know about installing a PC?
- What should be done in installing a PC?
- How do we know whether we have succeeded or not in installing the PC?
- What should we do if we have not succeeded in installing the PC?
- What should we do if we have succeeded in installing the PC?
b. Equipment that must be prepared
To support work safety and the smooth running of the tasks you will carry out, prepare all the necessary equipment according to the type of task in each learning activity.
c. Training Results
You will be able to perform the task/work of installing a PC according to the desired specifications.
6. The Role of Teachers
Teachers who will teach this module should prepare themselves as well as possible, including aspects of learning strategies, mastery of materials, selection of methods, learning media tools, and evaluation tools. In addition, teachers should:
- Helping students in planning the learning process
- Guide students through the training tasks described in the learning phase.
- Helping students understand new concepts and practices and answering students' questions regarding the student learning process.
- Helping students to identify and access additional resources needed for learning
- Organize group learning activities if necessary
- Plan for a teacher expert/mentor from the workplace to help if needed.
- Planning the assessment process and preparing the equipment
- Conducting an assessment
- Explain to students about the attitudes, knowledge and skills of a competency that need to be improved and discuss the next learning plan.
- Recording student progress achievements
7. Final Goal
- Training participants are able to make a list of PC needs and specifications according to the required needs.
- Training participants are able to install PCs according to the specifications provided.
- Training participants are able to install peripherals on a PC correctly.
- Training participants are able to fix installation errors on PCs.
8. Competence
The competency that will be studied is Installing a PC with a description as shown in the PC Installation Competency table below.
COMPETENCY : Installing PC
CODE : HDW.DEV.100.(2).A
LEARNING DURATION : 232 Hours @ 45 minutes
COMPETENCY : Installing PC
9. Check Ability
To find out the initial competencies that you already have, fill in the checklist (√) as in the statement table below according to the abilities that you have.
| Saya dapat | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|-------|----------------------------|
| Sub Kompetensi | Pernyataan | Melakukan Pekerjaan ini dengan Kompeten | | Bila Jawaban “Ya” Kerjakan |
| | | Ya | Tidak | |
| Merencanakan kebutuhan dan spesifikasi | 1. Mengetahui komponen dan spesifikasi pada PC 2. Membuat daftar rencana kebutuhan dan spesifikasi PC | | | Tes Formatif 1 |
| Menginstalasi komponen PC | Menguji dan Menginstalasi komponen PC | | | Tes Formatif 2 |
| Mengatur komponen PC menggunakan software (melalui setup BIOS dan aktifasi komponen melalui sistem operasi) | Menyeting BIOS pada berbagai PC | | | Tes Formatif 3 |
| Menyambung / memasang peripheral (secara fisik) dan setting peripheral menggunakan software | Menginstalasi peripheral pada PC | | | Tes Formatif 4 |
| Memeriksa hasil perakitan PC dan pemasangan peripheral | Memeriksa hasil perakitan PC dan instalasi peripheral pada PC | | | Tes Formatif 5 |If you answered NO to any of the statements above, then study this module.
10. Student Learning Plan
Competence: Installing PC
Sub Competency: Planning needs and specifications.
| Jenis Kegiatan | Tanggal | Waktu | Tempat Belajar | Alasan Perubahan | Tanda Tangan Guru |
|---------------------------------------------|---------|-------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
| Peralatan/Kompo-nen dan Spesifikasi pada PC | | | | | |Sub-Competency: Installing PC components
| Jenis Kegiatan | Tanggal | Waktu | Tempat Belajar | Alasan Perubahan | Tanda Tangan Guru |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|---------|-------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
| Perakitan PC dan Keselamatan Kerja dalam Merakit Komputer | | | | | |Sub-Competency: Managing PC components using software (through BIOS setup and component activation via the operating system)
| Jenis Kegiatan | Tanggal | Waktu | Tempat Belajar | Alasan Perubahan | Tanda Tangan Guru |
|-----------------------------|---------|-------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
| BIOS dan Konfigurasi Sistem | | | | | |Sub-Competency: Connecting/installing peripherals (physically) and setting peripherals using software
| Jenis Kegiatan | Tanggal | Waktu | Tempat Belajar | Alasan Perubahan | Tanda Tangan Guru |
|--------------------------------------|---------|-------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
| Peripheral PC dan Setting Peripheral | | | | | |Sub-Competency: Checking PC assembly results and installing peripherals
| Jenis Kegiatan | Tanggal | Waktu | Tempat Belajar | Alasan Perubahan | Tanda Tangan Guru |
|-----------------------------------------------|---------|-------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
| Pemeriksaan Hasil Perakitan PC dan Peripheral | | | | | |11. Learning Activity 1 - Equipment/Components and Specifications on PC
a. Objectives of Learning Activities
- Training participants are able to explain computer block diagrams and their respective functions.
- Training participants are able to explain the types, specifications, and developments of input, process, and output devices.
- Training participants are able to make a list of PC needs and specifications.
b. Description of Material 1
Equipment/Components on a PC include input units, processing units, and output units. In order for a computer to be used to process data, it must be in the form of a system called a computer system. In general, a system consists of elements that are interconnected to form a single unit to carry out a primary objective of the system. The primary objective of a computer system is to process data to produce information so that it needs to be supported by elements consisting of hardware, software, and brainware. Hardware is the computer equipment itself, software is a program that contains commands to carry out certain processes, and brainware is the human being involved in operating and managing the computer system.
Figure 1. Computer Structure
The three elements of the computer system must be interconnected and form a unity. Hardware without software will mean nothing, just an inanimate object. Both hardware and software also cannot function if there is no human to operate it.
12. Computer Structure and Function
Computer structure is defined as the way each component is related to each other. The structure of a computer can be simply described in the block diagram in Figure a. While the function of the computer is defined as the operation of each component as part of the structure. The function of each component in the structure is as follows:
a) Input Device (Input Tool)
Is a computer hardware that functions as a tool to enter data or commands into a computer. Input device is a tool used to receive input from outside the system, and can be in the form of signal input or maintenance input. In a computer system, signal input is in the form of data entered into the computer system, while maintenance input is in the form of a program used to process the data entered. Thus, input devices are used not only to enter data but also to enter programs.
Some input devices have dual functions, that is, in addition to being an input device, they also function as an output device at the same time. Such devices are called terminals. Terminals can be connected to a computer system using direct cables or via communication devices.
Terminals can be classified into non-intelligent terminals, smart terminals, and intelligent terminals. Non-intelligent terminals only function as input devices and output displays, and cannot be programmed because they do not have a processing device. This type of equipment is also called a dumb terminal. Smart terminals have processing devices and memory in them so that input that has been entered can be corrected again. However, this type of terminal cannot be programmed by the user, except by the manufacturer. While intelligent terminals can be programmed by the user.
Equipment that only functions as an input device can be classified into direct and indirect input devices. Direct input devices are inputs that are directly processed by the processing device, while indirect input devices go through certain media before an input is processed by the processing device.
Direct input devices can be keyboards, pointing devices (e.g. mouse, touch screen, light pen, digitizer graphics tablet), scanners (e.g. magnetic ink character recognition, optical data reader or optical character recognition reader), sensors (e.g. digitizing camera), voice recognizers (e.g. microphone). While indirect input devices, for example, keypunch which is done through punched card media, key-to-tape which records data to tape media before being processed by the processing tool, and key-to-disk which records data to magnetic disk media (e.g. diskette or hard disk) before being further processed.
(1) Keyboard
It is a standard input device required in every PC. This component has not experienced rapid development. Only the connectors in the PC have experienced development. Starting with the XT keyboard, PS2 keyboard, USB keyboard and the new one that is developing now is the wireless keyboard.
Figure 2. AT keyboard
Gambar 3. Keyboard PS.2
Figure 4. Wireless Keyboard
(2) Mouse
The mouse is an input component that is very necessary when using a graphical operating system. The mouse has more developments than the keyboard. Starting from the serial mouse, PS/2 mouse, scroll mouse, and now the optical mouse.
Figure 5. Serial Mouse
Figure 6. PS-2 Mouse
Figure 7. Optical Mouse
Figure 8. Mouse Ball
b) Output Device
Is a computer hardware that functions to display output as a result of data processing. Output can be in the form of hardcopy (to paper), soft-copy (to the monitor), or in the form of sound. The output produced by the processor can be classified into four forms, namely writing (letters, numbers, special symbols), images (in the form of graphics or images), sound, and other forms that can be read by machines (machine-readable form). The first three groups are output that can be used directly by humans, while the last group is usually used as input for further processing from the computer. Output devices can be:
Hard-copy device, which is a tool used to print text and images on hard media such as paper or film. Examples of hard-copy devices:
Figure 8. Printer
Soft-copy device, namely a tool used to display text and images on soft media in the form of electronic signals.
Figure 9. Projector
Figure 10. Monitor
Drive device or driver, which is a tool used to record symbols in a form that can only be read by machines on media such as magnetic disks or magnetic tape. This tool has a dual function, as an output device and also as an input device. Now the storage media that are developing are disk drives, hard disks, CD-ROM/CD-RW.
Image 11. Hard Disk
Figure 13. Disk Drive
c) I/O Ports
This section is used to receive or send data outside the system. I/O Port is also commonly called the interface section because the input and output devices above are connected through this port.
d) CPU (Central Processing Unit)
The CPU is the brain of a computer system, and has two operational function parts, namely: ALU (Arithmetical Logical Unit) as the data processing center, and CU (Control Unit) as the computer's work controller.
Figure 14. Processor and Socket on the Mainboard
CPU is where program instructions are processed, which in microcomputers are called micro-processors. This processor is a chip consisting of thousands to millions of ICs. In the world of commerce, this processor is named according to the wishes of its maker and is generally added with a serial number, for example the Intel 80486 DX2-400 processor (made by Intel with the 80486 DX2-400 series known as the 486 DX2 computer), Intel Pentium 100 (known as the Pentium I computer), Intel Pentium II-350, Intel Pentium III-450, Intel Celeron 333, AMD K-II, and so on. Each of these products has its own advantages and disadvantages.
e) Memories
(1) Random Access Memory (RAM)
All data and programs entered through the input device will be stored first in the main memory, especially RAM, which can be accessed randomly (can be filled/written, taken, or erased) by the programmer. The RAM structure is divided into four main parts, namely:
- Input storage, used to accommodate input entered through input devices.
- Program storage, used to store all program instructions that will be accessed.
- Working storage, used to store data to be processed and processing results.
- Output storage, used to store the final results of data processing to be displayed on the output device.
Input entered through the input device will be stored first in input storage. If the input is in the form of a program, it will be moved to program storage, and if it is in the form of data, it will be moved to working storage. The results of processing are also stored first in working storage and if they are to be displayed on the output device, the results are moved to output storage.
Gambar 15. Random Access Memory
(2) Read Only Memory (ROM)
From its name, ROM can only be read so that the programmer cannot fill anything into the ROM. ROM has been filled by the manufacturer in the form of an operating system consisting of basic programs needed by the computer system, such as programs to set the appearance of characters on the screen, filling the keyboard key buttons for certain control purposes, and bootstrap programs. The bootstrap program is needed when the computer system is first activated. The process of activating the computer for the first time is called booting, which can be cold booting or warm booting.
Cold booting is the process of activating a computer system for the first time to take the bootstrap program from the computer's power off to on. While warm booting is the process of repeating the bootstrap program while the computer is still on by pressing three keys on the keyboard at once, namely Ctrl, Alt, and Del. This process is usually done when the computer system crashes, rather than having to turn off the computer's power and turn it back on.
The instructions stored in ROM are called microinstructions or firmware because the hardware and software are combined by the manufacturer. The contents of this ROM must not be lost or damaged because if this happens, the computer system will not be able to function. Therefore, to prevent this, the manufacturer designs the ROM in such a way that it can only be read, its contents cannot be changed by others. In addition, ROM is non-volatile so that its contents are not lost if the computer's power is turned off.
In other cases it is possible to change the contents of the ROM, namely by reprogramming the instructions contained therein. This type of ROM is in the form of a chip placed in its housing that has a window on top. ROM that can be reprogrammed is PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory), which can only be programmed once and then cannot be changed back. Another type is EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) which can be erased with ultraviolet light and can be reprogrammed repeatedly. In addition, there is also EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) which can be erased electronically and can be reprogrammed.
f. Summary
- A PC computer consists of three main parts, namely the input, process, and output parts. Each part consists of several components that support each other.
- Each component on a PC has specific specifications and specific uses/functions.
g. Tasks
- Observe a PC, name which are input units, processing units, and output units.
- Open the casing of a PC, note down and state the names of the components inside.
h. Formative Test
Describe the structure/block diagram of a computer and explain the function of each part!
- Name the components on a PC that include input units!
- Give one example of a processor/microprocessor specification.
- Formative Answer Key 1
- See Figure a. Computer Structure and its explanation.
- Keyboard, Mouse, Joy stake, Microphone, Midi, Camera, Scanner,dsb.
- Intel Pentium 133 : Clock speed 133 Mhz, working voltage 5V, memory cache 128KB
Computer Assembling Work Safety
Carelessness in this case can have fatal consequences. If you are using new components, you do not need to measure current and voltage with an AVO meter. An AVO meter may need to be used only to find out the voltage in your home's electrical network. If you already know, look at the computer's power supply (located in the computer's casing/box) whether it has been set to a voltage scale that matches the voltage in your place or not. If the power supply type is classified as an automatic type, you don't need to worry. If the power supply is classified as semi-automatic, you may have to move the voltage control switch to a voltage position that matches the voltage in your place.
Next, to assemble your personal computer, you can follow these steps:
1) Take the motherboard and put it in a safe place. Prepare the tools and manuals of each PC component. Bolt the motherboard with the casing board, so it will be stronger and safer.
Gambar 16. Motherboard
2) Install the processor in its place (socket) pay attention to the mark on the processor must be placed according to the mark on the socket (cannot be reversed). Lock the locking rod that is usually located on the side of the processor socket. Pay attention to the dot code or the side of the processor with a slanted shape is an indication that the processor part is installed in the slot that has the same mark. Read the processor manual from the manufacturer carefully If you are not careful or install this processor upside down it can have fatal consequences. If you are in doubt, you should ask the seller when buying a motherboard. Then install the cooling fan on top. The latest processor products are equipped with cooling fans.
Figure 17. Processor Installation
3) Install the RAM memory in its place properly, pay attention to the corner of the memory which is usually curved and must be placed in its place carefully. If you install it upside down, the memory will be difficult to insert. In the SDRAM type of memory, the memory holder on the motherboard has a lock that will move to lock together with the insertion of the memory into it.
Figure 18. RAM Installation
4) Insert the motherboard into the casing (computer box), hook the plastic hooks usually provided by the casing manufacturer, into the holes on the motherboard. At an angle that allows you to place the bolts, bolt the motherboard to the casing to avoid shifting the motherboard when you move the CPU later. You should be careful installing the motherboard on the casing because it is thin and small and has a complicated electronic circuit.
Figure 19. Inserting the Motherboard into the Case
5) Install the special motherboard power supply cable on the power supply (usually written P8 and P9), the black cables from both connectors must be installed side by side. If you are using an ATX type motherboard, install the special power cable on the special ATX power slot on the motherboard.
Figure 20. Installing Cables on the Motherboard
6) Install the hard disk, floppy drive in the place provided in the CPU casing, tighten the holder with bolts carefully. If there is a CD ROM drive, install this device carefully and tighten it with bolts. It should be noted that the CD-ROM and hard disk jumper are installed correctly, because it will identify as a master or slave, because if it is wrong, the hard disk or CD-ROM will not be detected.
Figure 21. Cable and Jumper Installation
Figure 22. Installing the Hard Disk, Disk Drive, and CD ROM in the Casing
7) Connect the cable from the power supply to the power slot on the hard disk, floppy drive and CD ROM drive. Note the angle of the plastic connector on the cable, usually it is designed to fit the holder on the hard disk, floppy drive or CD ROM drive. If you install this connector upside down, then when you insert the connector it will feel a little difficult. Immediately unplug the connector and reinsert it in the right position.
Figure 23. Installing Power Cables on Hard Disk, Disk Drive, and CD ROM
8) Connect the ribbon cable (data cable) to the hard disk, floppy drive and CD ROM drive holders. This cable functions to connect the equipment to the motherboard. Note that the red side of the cable must be placed on the number one leg (see the information written on the hard disk or floppy drive or CD ROM drive). If installed upside down the computer will not work properly and can damage the equipment. The cable connected to the floppy drive is narrower when compared to the hard disk or CD ROM drive connecting cable. The hard disk and CD ROM drive connecting cable are the same size. For the red stripe ribbon cable on the edge of the cable indicates no: 1.
Figure 24. Data Cable Installation
9) Connect the cable from the floppy drive to the slot for the floppy drive, likewise connect the cable from the hard disk to the IDE slot number 1, and the cable from the CD ROM to the IDE slot number 2. Also note that the red side of the cable must occupy the number one leg on each slot. You can see the information written on the motherboard or in the motherboard manual.
Gambar 25. Slot Disk Drive, Hard disk dan CD ROM
10) Install the VGA card into its slot, if you have an ISA type card, you must place the card into the ISA bus slot on the motherboard. If you have a PCI type VGA card, you must install the card into the PCI bus slot on the motherboard.
But if the VGA is an onboard VGA, just set it in the BIOS.
Figure 26. Installing VGA Card on Motherboard
11) Install additional expansion cards on PCI or ISA. Expansion cards can be LAN cards, sound cards, TV tuner cards, video capture cards, etc. Then tighten them with bolts to the PC casing mount.
Figure 27. Tightening the Epansion Card to the Casing
12) Connect the "Reset" button cable connector to the "Reset" pin on the motherboard. Also connect the speaker cable connector to the speaker pin on the motherboard. Often written with the code LS. Some casings have also been equipped with indicator light cables and connecting cables complete with connectors so that computer assemblers only need to connect them to the motherboard.
Figure 28. Installing the Casing Buttons
13) Connect the data cable from the monitor to the slot on the VGA card. Note that the connector has 3 rows of neatly arranged legs, with a trapezoid-shaped connector.
14) Plug the keyboard connector into the keyboard slot on the motherboard. And other devices.
Figure 29. Terminals for Motherboard I/O
15) Connect the power cable from the monitor screen to the power slot located on the back of the power supply that has been installed on the CPU casing. If the connector does not match, you can connect the power cable to your home's electrical grid. You will need a T connector to divide the electricity to the monitor and the CPU that you are assembling. Connect the power cable for the CPU to the slot located on the power supply on the back of the CPU casing.
Figure 30. Power Cable Installation
Now you have successfully assembled a Personal Computer, but you cannot use the computer yet. You still have to set the BIOS program, and install the operating system program and application programs onto the hard disk.
Before you set the BIOS program, you check again all the steps you have done earlier. Pay attention to the position of the "jumper" there is nothing wrong, as well as the processor and RAM and the cables connecting the hard disk, floppy drive and CD ROM drive. After you are sure and in accordance with the information listed in the factory manual of each of the equipment. You can do the BIOS program settings.
c. Summary 2
- When assembling components, make sure that there are no reversed component legs or reversed cable installation. Because it will have fatal consequences for other components and equipment.
- Order the PC components assembling according to the instruction manual.
d. Task 2
- Describe the order of the legs of the processor and RAM components.
- Take a PC motherboard, name and function the jumpers, sockets, chips, and slots on the motherboard.
e. Formative Test 2
- How do you know the order of ribbon cables on a floppy or hard disk?
- How to install a processor on a motherboard.
f. Formative Answer Key 2
- By looking at the color of the cable on the edge. Cable number 1 is the red or blue cable, the next cable is the next number (2-34 for floppy and 2-40 for hard disk).
- See the description of material 2 in the processor installation section.
g. Worksheet 2
Tools and materials:
- PC components for 1 unit complete with multimedia.
- Reference manual for the appropriate PC components.
- Tools set.
Occupational Health and Safety
- Use equipment according to its function.
- Work according to the specified work methods or instructions.
Work Steps
- Prepare the tools and materials used in this experiment.
- Open the casing cover.
- Install the motherboard into it.
- Open and read the reference manual that corresponds to the components available.
- Install the disk drive, hard disk, and CD ROM drive into the casing in the places provided neatly, correctly, and securely.
- Carefully and correctly install the processor, cooler and fan on the motherboard.
- Install the RAM on the motherboard.
- Install the motherboard cables by referring to the reference manual (cables: power, fan, disk drive, hard disk, CD ROM Drive, LED, reset button, power, etc.).
- Connect the power cables to the disk drive, hard disk, and CD ROM Drive.
- Connect the cables to the disk drive, hard disk, and CD ROM Drive in the correct order.
- Install all the I/O cards in the available slots on the motherboard correctly and then screw them onto the holders to make them strong and sturdy.
- Recheck all connections and component installations that have been done carefully, after you are sure, check the results of your work with the teacher.
- Make a report about the PC assembly from the computer you assembled.
- Report the results of your work to the supervising teacher (teacher).
- Once everything is finished, close the casing on the CPU again and tidy up the tools and materials.
How to Configure BIOS System
a. Objectives of Learning Activities
- Training participants are able to recognize BIOS in every PC.
- Training participants are able to operate BIOS to activate and deactivate the PC.
b. Description of Material 3
Basic Input Output System or often called BIOS is firmware. BIOS is used to set PC components by software or in other words called jumper less. PC components that can be set through BIOS are only certain, and are the main components in a PC and components that are integrated with the mainboard (Onboard). The following components can be set through BIOS:
- Hard disk
- CD-ROM
- Floppy disk
- RAM
- Processor
- LAN onboard
- Souncard onboard
- VGA onboard
In this module, Award BIOS is used as an example to configure PC components. While for BIOS with other brands are almost the same, only the location and name may be different. In AWARD BIOS there are several main menus, namely: MAIN, ADVANCED, POWER, BOOT, EXIT. Here are the steps to set up PC components.
1) Hard Disk and CD-ROM
For hard disk components, in BIOS only regulates whether a hard disk is active or not, and also determines how much capacity a hard disk has either manually or automatically. Located in the MAIN menu then continued in the sub menu of the location of the installed drive.
Figure 31. Introduction to Hard Disk and CD-ROM in BIOS
Next, to set the hard disk or CD ROM, go to the submenu of the location of the hard disk or CD ROM installed. We assume that the hard disk is located on the primary master.
Figure 32. Determining Hard Disk and CD-ROM in BIOS
In the menu above is a display to set the hard disk located in the primary master. What needs to be set in the menu above is "type", in the menu there are options including: Auto, User Type HDD, CD-ROM, LS-120, ZIP, MO, Other ATAPI device, and None. For more security, select Auto because the system will automatically detect the installed device, while None is used to disable the hard disk or no device is installed.
2) Floppy Disk
To set the floppy disk is located in the same menu as the hard drive and CD_ROM. Located in the MAIN menu and is generally called legacy diskette A. in the drive A option, various types of Disk Drive types can be selected such as 1.44 MB, 3.5-" 720Kb, 3.5 "- 2.88MB, 3.5" -360KB, 5.24 "- 720kb, 5.25" and none. The "none" option is used to disable the floppy disk. Select according to the installed floppy disk or if there is no installed floppy disk, the None option can be used.
Figure 33. Floppy Disk Introduction in BIOS
3) RAM
RAM can only be set for its clock latency but not all RAM can be set, only certain brands can be set manually. Only RAM that is often used for overclocking can be set manually. For setting, go to the Advanced Chip Configuration menu.
Figure 34. RAM settings in BIOS
In the image above to determine the settings manually or automatically located in the sub menu "SDRAM Configuration" For "By SPD" will be done automatically by the system while for manual settings select "User Define". Be careful in changing the Clock latency value of RAM, adjust it to the installed RAM capability. For more security use the automatic option besides being safer the value set will be adjusted to the default value of the installed RAM.
4) Processor
There are several ways to set the processor speed according to its capabilities. For BIOS settings, not all processors can be set, only certain processors can be set via BIOS. To set the variables in the processor, enter the advanced menu, then you will see several menus related to the CPU, namely: CPU speed, CPU / PCI Frequency, and CPU / Memory frequency ratio. CPU Speed is the CPU speed that can be determined manually or automatically. To do Overclocking, settings can be made in the CPU / Memory frequency ratio section. In this section, it can be set if CPU Speed is selected manually. But keep in mind according to the processor's capabilities because if not, it will have fatal consequences.
Figure 35. Processor Settings in BIOS
5) LAN Onboard dan Sound onboard
For both components, it is the same in configuring in the BIOS. Located in the same menu and to activate by selecting "enabled" on each component. While to deactivate simply select "disabled". While for the auto option is used to detect automatically, if there is a component installed then it will automatically activate the component. To enter the configuration of this component enter the Advanced Chip Configuration menu.
In this BIOS version, LAN Onboard with MCP MAC Controller menu while Sound Onboard with MCP Audio Controller menu, select enabled or Auto to activate the component. Please note if you want to install a new component that is not onboard and the component is the same as the onboard component, the onboard component must be deactivated first. Because if not, there will be a conflict of IRQ or I/O addresses.
Figure 36. Onboard LAN and Sound settings in BIOS
6) VGA Onboard
To set the onboard VGA components that need to be considered is setting the size of the shared memory. Shared memory is memory used by VGA as a buffer and is taken from RAM. The value of shared memory depends on the VGA capability and the size of the installed RAM. To set the size of shared memory, enter the Advanced Chip Configuration menu. Select the "VGA Shared memory size" section. The size of the memory value taken depends on the type of Onboard VGA and the size of the installed RAM capacity.
Figure 37. Onboard VGA settings in BIOS
One more thing in VGA that is very important is Primary VGA BIOS. This option is located in the Advanced PCI Configuration menu, used to select the detection order of the VGA installed in the system. The order includes: PCI VGA Card, AGP VGA card, and Onboard VGA. If the VGA used is Onboard then set it with Onboard VGA.
Figure 38. Determining VGA Type via BIOS
7) Activate components through the operating system
To activate the components in the operating system, the drivers of each component must be prepared first. In general, the driver installation of each component is the same. Here is the activation of components in the operating system:
a) right click on my computer --> properties
Gambar 39. My Computer Properties
b) Components that have not been installed will show a warning sign, as shown in the image below.
Figure 40. Inactive Component Sign
c) Right click on the component icon then click update driver. Then the output will appear as shown in the image below.
Figure 41. Update Driver Dialog Box
d) Select advanced to manually determine the location of the component driver.
Figure 42. Determining the Location of Component Drivers
e) If the installed driver is appropriate, then the component installation process is complete, then the component can be used. While for certain components, a system restart is required.
Figure 43. Driver Installation Complete
f. Summary 3
- To set the components by software is done with BIOS. The components that can be set are the main components in the PC and integrated components in the system.
- For components that have been integrated into the system, to activate them, select Enabled and to deactivate them, select Disabled.
- To install components that are similar to integrated components, it is necessary to turn off the integrated components first.
g. Task 3
- Observe the BIOS settings on a PC, then write them down.
- Set the BIOS on the PC according to the installed components and peripherals.
h. Formative Test 3
- What is the difference between auto and manual mode in BIOS settings?
- How to set BIOS, so that the PC can work optimally.
i. Formative Answer Key 2
- Auto BIOS mode will read the settings automatically according to the condition of the installed components and peripherals. While manual setting mode must be filled by the user according to the specifications of the installed components or equipment.
- The BIOS settings are filled in manually according to the specifications of the components and equipment installed. The equipment settings section that is not there is set to disable or none. Thus the computer will work faster.
Computer / PC Installation & Assembly Evaluation
A. Questions
A school needs computers for the purposes of computer introduction practice, computer appreciation, and information and communication technology. What is the sequence of steps in compiling the minimum general PC specifications that can meet these needs.
- What are the steps in sequence for assembling a computer?
- What are the steps in the BIOS setup sequence?
- What are the steps to install peripherals?
- PC components/peripherals are provided. Assemble the components/peripherals so that they can function as a PC.
B. Answer
1). The sequence of steps to compile the minimum PC specifications in general that can meet the above needs are: identifying hardware needs based on software needs, then surveying goods and prices in stores by also considering warranties, availability of spare parts, and flexibility in maintenance and use.
| No. | Kebutuhan Software | Hardware minimum yang diperlukan | Ketersediaan di pasar |
|-----|--------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------|
| 1. | Sistem Operasi Window 98 | Prosesor Pentium I, RAM 16 MB, Disk drive 3,25”, CD ROM drive, Hard disk 500MB | Ada tetapi bekas |
| 2. | Program Aplikasi Mikrosoft Office 97 | Prosesor Pentium I, RAM 16 MB, Hard disk 420 MB, CD ROM drive | Ada tetapi bekas |
| 3. | Komunikasi internet explorer | LAN card, modem, provider, RAM 32MB, hard disk 1 GB | Ada |2). From the steps above, the minimum PC specifications can be compiled as follows: Pentium I, 64MB RAM, 3.25" disk drive, 12x CD ROM drive, 2GB hard disk, LAN card, telephone modem, mouse, keyboard, printer. These specifications are sufficient to meet these needs, but there may be difficulties in obtaining goods, spare parts, warranties and maintenance.
3). The steps in the sequence of assembling a computer, namely: Check all components to be assembled first. All components to be assembled must be in good condition. Open the casing, install the motherboard in the casing, install the processor along with its cooling and fan, install RAM, install the power cable on the motherboard, install the hard disk, disk drive, and CD ROM drive along with the connecting cables to the motherboard and its power cable, install the power switch cable, reset, and indicator lights on the motherboard, then install the necessary I / O card. Install the keyboard, mouse, monitor, and power supply cable on the CPU. Check all the connections that have been installed. If it is correct and strong, turn on the computer to test the assembly results.
4). The steps to set the BIOS setup are: turn on the computer, wait a moment, press the DEL button (or as shown on the monitor screen) to enter the BIOS setup menu. Set the clock, day, I/O activation according to the condition of the installed hardware, activate power on the processor, set power and memory management according to the conditions and needs, and set the password if necessary. Save the results of the settings.
5). The steps in the order of installing peripherals are: turn off the computer, connect the parts that need to be connected by following the manual. Check the installation results, if they are appropriate and correct, turn on the computer, then install the driver program for the peripheral. If the driver program has been installed properly, test the peripheral's performance.
6). Components/peripherals are assembled correctly, so that it can function as a PC.
C. Approval Criteria
| Aspek | Skor (1-10) | Bobot | Nilai | Keterangan |
|-----------------------|-------------|-------|-------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Kognitif (soal 1 – 4) | | 3 | | Syarat lulus nilai minimal 70 dan skor setiap aspek minimal 7 |
| Kebenaran rakitan | | 3 | | |
| Kerapian rakitan | | 1,5 | | |
| Keselamatan kerja | | 1,5 | | |
| Waktu | | 1 | | |
| Nilai Akhir | | | | |
| Aspek | Skor (1-10) | Bobot | Nilai | Keterangan |
|-----------------------|-------------|-------|-------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Kognitif (soal 1 – 4) | | 3 | | Syarat lulus nilai minimal 70 dan skor setiap aspek minimal 7 |
| Kebenaran rakitan | | 3 | | |
| Kerapian rakitan | | 1,5 | | |
| Keselamatan kerja | | 1,5 | | |
| Waktu | | 1 | | |
| Nilai Akhir | | | | |Approval category:
- 70 -- 79 : Meets minimum criteria. Can work with guidance.
- 80 -- 89 : Meets minimum criteria. Can work without guidance.
- 90 -- 100 : Above minimum criteria. Can work without guidance.
Cover
Thus the learning module Installing PC. The material that has been discussed in this module is still very little. Only as a basis for training participants to learn further. It is expected that training participants use this module as motivation to master the technique of Installing PC further so that training participants can assemble/install PC computers with various specifications.
After completing this module and completing all assignments and evaluations, based on the assessment criteria, training participants can be declared to have passed/failed. If declared to have passed, they can proceed to the next module according to the flow of the module position map, while if declared to have failed, training participants must repeat this module and are not allowed to take the next module.
Getting to Know Computer Classification
Based on Input Signal
Based on input signals, computers can be classified into:
- Analog Computer, receives input signals in the form of analog data. Example: a computer that calculates the flow of fuel in a gas station
- Digital computers, which accept digital input, are the computers we are most familiar with.
- Hybrid computers, accept both analog and digital input.
By Size
Based on their physical size and capabilities, computers can be classified into:
- Microcomputer, small in size, usually used by one person. Examples: PC, Notebook, Palmtop, PDA, etc.
- Mini Computers, larger in size, are usually used for larger work needs as well. Example: Alfa computers, etc.
- Supercomputer, is a very high-performance computer, usually to meet very large processing needs. Examples: Cray, DeepBlue, EarthSimulator, etc.
- Mainframe
By Generation
Based on the generation of technology that makes it up, computers can be classified into:
- Generation I, 1946-1959, used vacuum tubes
- Generation II, 1959-1965, used transistors
- Generation III, 1965-1970, used IC (Integrated Circuit)
- Generation IV, 1970-present, uses VLSI (Very Large Scale IC).
Based on the Purpose of Creation
Based on the purpose of manufacture, computers can be classified into:
- General Purpose, is a computer developed for general needs. Example: PC, Notebook, etc.
- Special Purpose, is a computer developed for special needs. Example: a special computer for playing chess.
Additional notes:
- It is possible to classify computers based on various other criteria.
- With the rapid development of computer hardware technology, the above classification may have changed.
Bibliography
- Balasubramanian, 2001, Computer Installation and Servicing, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
- Computer device user's guide books and user's manuals.
- John Woram, 1990, The PC Configuration Handbook Acomplete Guide to Troubleshooting, Enhancing, and Maintaining Your PC, 2nd Edition, Bantam Books, Toronto.
- Tri Amperiyanto, 1993, Practical Guide Series for Protecting Data and Hard Disks, Elex Media Komputindo, Jakarta.
Library
Yogyakarta, December 2004
Compiler
Team Faculty of Engineering Yogyakarta State University