This book is designed by the author complete with circuits and applications. Each circuit has been tested and developed in this writing. After this book was completed, the author reassembled each circuit to check for errors. Although reasonable care has been taken, but the variation in component tolerances and construction methods discussed in this book may have different results. Therefore, the author is not responsible for the contents of this book, because we have control over the use of the information in this book, we assume no responsibility for any damages resulting from the use of this book. Of course what we mean is the commercial use, sale or manufacture of any device incorporating the information in this book, which violates patents, copyrights and other rights.
Happy learning!, and use it wisely!, thank you.
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What is ATOM?
Consists of an atomic nucleus which has a positive and negative charge surrounded by 1 or more electrons - electrons with a (-) charge.
- (+) proton
- (-) electron
- ( ) Netron (hole)
What are Color Burs?
It is a key placed on the rear porch of the Horizontal synchronization signal.
What is a Transducer?
Is a type of component that works to convert non-electrical quantities into electrical or vice versa. Example: Microphone and Speaker.
What is Color Sub Carrier Frequency?
In the IF Video characteristics, it occupies a frequency of 34.45Mhz
What are the conditions for electron bombardment to occur on a CRT?
- There is sufficient heating on the filament
- The cathode voltage is more (-) than the anode voltage.
- There is vertical and horizontal synchronization
- Very high voltage difference between the anode and cathode
UHF TV Transmitter Station Channel
Works in the frequency range 470 Mc -- 860 Mc
What is ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)?
It is a processor unit that is responsible for carrying out arithmetic and logical operations.
How Does Electric Current Occur?
A group of objects with positive and negative charges causes an electric current to arise, for example lightning occurs due to differences in adjacent electric charges.
What is Transmission Power?
It is a measure of the conductor's ability to pass electric current and this quantity is expressed in Mho units.
What is AVOmeter / Multimeter / Multitester?
It is an instrument used to measure Current, Voltage, and Resistance of an electronic component or circuit. This measuring instrument has 2 types:
- Analog: uses basic moving coil parameters.
- Digital: using the basic parameters of a digital system.
What Causes Gost (ghost image) On TV Receivers?
Because of high waves reflected by tall buildings or mountains.
How is Local OSC Analysis?
The TV tuner is channeling 2 VHFs, namely the 44.35 Mhz image carrier and the 49.75 Mhz sound carrier, so the local OSC vibrates at a frequency of 83.15.
What is ELECTRICAL ENERGY (U)?
It is the electrical power used in a certain time.
Expressed by the formula:
U = P x t
Information:
- U = work / electrical energy ..WH
- P = electrical power ...watts
- t = time ... hours
What is an INDUCTOR?
It is a coil made of conductor wire (enamel) and has a unit of Henry, the characteristics of the inductor if given an electric current then, what happens is a magnetic net. The resistance value of the inductor depends on the number of turns, the strength of the turns, the type of material and the cross-sectional area.
What is CAPACITIVE REACTANCE (XC)?
The resistance value that occurs in a capacitor when alternating current passes through it can be determined using the formula:
XC = 1/?C
Or
?XC = 1/2?fc
Information:
- XC and XL = ... ohm
- f = ... Hz
- C = ... Farad
- L = ... Henry
What is SERIES IMPEDANCE?
It is a resistance that occurs due to the RL and C loads in an AC circuit, the impedance formed by RL and C is written with the symbol 'Z'
What is LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)?
It is a resistor that is sensitive to light, if it is in a dark place, it has a resistance value of "max" (> Mega Ohm), conversely if it is placed in a bright place it will be "min".
AC CHARACTERISTICS OF ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) TOWARDS RESITIVE, CAPACITIVE AND INDUCTIVE LOADS
Baby Recital
AC Recife
Arus (I) and Tegangan (V) Sefasa
V = Vm Sin ?t
I = Im Sin ?t
I = V/R
Z = R
AC Capacitive
Current (I) Lags 90^ to Voltage (V)
Inductive AC
Current (I) Leads Voltage (V) by 90^
Calculating Power Factor
What is a Manual Book?
Every purchase of an audio/video unit will receive a manual containing all information related to the procedure for using the device, so users must read it carefully and thoroughly, to prevent and avoid any form of error that may occur, the manual includes precautions/safety and important instructions for installation, operation and other additional information.
Example:
"warning >> to reduce the risk of fire or elektric shock do not expose this apliance to rain of noise true."
It means:
Explain to the user to reduce the possibility of fire or electric shock, this equipment should not be exposed to rain or moisture, electronic devices are very sensitive to temperature changes, therefore it can have fatal consequences, besides damage to electronic devices can also threaten the user's life.
What are the Frequency Ladder Levels?
- ELF (Extra Low Frequency)-----> 30 - 300Hz
- PF (Piko Frequency)-----------> 300Hz - 3KHz
- VLF (Very Low Frequency)------> 3KHz - 30KHz
- LF (Low Frequency)------------> 30KHz - 300KHz
- MF (Medium Frequency)---------> 300KHz - 3MHz
- HF (High Frequency)-----------> 3MHz - 30MHz
- VHF (Veri High Frequency)-----> 30MHz - 300MHz
- UHF (Ultra High Frequency)----> 300MHz - 3GHz
- SHF (Super High Frequency)----> 3GHz - 30GHz
- EHF (Extra High Frequency)----> 30GHz - 300GHz
What is an Audio Device?
It is a device that reproduces sound, and refers to the frequency range that can be heard by the human ear (20Hz - 20Khz).
What is Audio Engineering?
It is a concentration of science that includes Production, Manipulation and Recording. There are 2 things to note in Audio engineering:
Sound Waves: this is the part that includes sound waves, which includes knowing how a microphone reproduces sound and how it can be heard by humans.
Audio Devices: this is the section that covers the function of each piece of equipment, how to choose the right components and how to use them.
How Digital Cameras Work
Actually, it is not much different, only the objects on the lis are replaced with electronic components.
MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semi Conductor)
MOSFET Symbol
Basic Semiconductors
The nature of an object is largely determined by the electrons in the outermost atomic shell. To form an N-type semiconductor, silicon or germanium atoms must be doped with other atoms with a five-valent valence.
Electrical Installation SOP
According to general regulations for electrical installations, every load containing metal must be equipped with grounding / GND.
What are the Benefits of Matching Transformers?
One of the advantages of using transformer matching on LS is that we do not need to obtain impedance value calculations.
What is MODEM (Modulation Demodulation)?
Communication devices that work electronically always use a MODEM system, the requirement that must be met by the transmitting station to avoid loss of transmit power is to use impedance matching.
What is Audio Video Signal?
The sound carrier signal and image carrier signal occupy frequencies of 33.4 Mhz and 38.9 Mhz, so the synchronization frequency HOR = 15.625 Hz and VER = 50 Hz.
What is an IMAGE ENHANCER?
A video amplifier is an amplifier used to amplify image signals such as on TV, camera, video, etc. This amplifier has a very wide response, which is between 30 Hz - 5 MHz, for this sensitivity, then on the surface of the transistor which has very good frequency characteristics to get this wide frequency, usually a class A amplifier circuit is used and the coupling method used is direct coupling.
What is a TUNING AMPLIFIER?
This amplifier is usually used at high frequencies, for example radio frequencies, this amplifier only amplifies certain frequencies, for example in IF (intermediate frequency), AM (Amplitude Modulation) receivers, will resonate at a frequency of 455 KHz, in FM (frequency modulation) it resonates at a frequency of 10.7 MHz, this type of amplifier has a frequency response that is determined by the types of circuits.
Understanding Radio Relations
Radio communication is a long-distance communication without a wire or often called WIRELESS, this is done using a radio transmitter and receiver, below we introduce the block diagram of an AM radio transmitter.
What is Half Adder?
Is an electronic circuit that can add 2 binary numbers, each consisting of bits.
What is Full Adder?
It is an electronic circuit that can add binary with an unlimited number of bits.
What is IC 74L00?
It is a NAND GATE IC that has low power.
What is IC 7400?
It is a NAND GATE IC whose characteristics are the same as the IC 74S00, namely it has a power below Low.
What is IC 74H00?
It is a NAND GATE IC that has high power.
What is the output of JK-flip-flop?
When the flip-flop gets a 1-1 input, the output is toggled.
Types of flip-flops:
- JK-flip-flop
- SR-flip-flop
- D-flip-flop
Radix Number System
- BINARY = 2
- DECIMAL = 10
- OCTAL = 8
- HEXADESIMAL = 16
- DUO DECIMAL = 12
- MSB (Most significant Binary), Leftmost
- LSB (Low Significant Binary), Rightmost