Good evening, peace be upon us all.
Thank you to Mr. Momon as the supervisor, for the opportunity given to us to deliver the material of CHAPTER II about "Basic Concepts of Information", which is still part of the paper entitled "Analysis and Design of Information Systems", compiled by Mr. Eko Riswanto, ST.
Basic Concepts of Information
Don't forget, we would like to thank all our friends for their participation in tonight's learning.
It should be noted that the Basic Concepts of Information material consists of 6 main topics, including:
- Definition of Information
- Information Cycle
- Quality of Information
- Value of Information
- Basic Concepts of Information Systems (Principle/Definition Approach)
- Information System Concept (Technical Approach & Rules of the Game)
1. Definition of Information
Information is data that is processed into a form that is more useful and more meaningful to the recipient.
The source of information is data. Meanwhile, data itself has the following meanings:
Definition 1
Data is a reality that describes real events and entities. Events are occurrences that occur at a certain time.
Because the definition above is quite complicated for me to understand, I will try to add one more definition as an approach to make it easier to understand, I took it from the Database System material in semester 2, where it is stated that:
Definition 2
Data are raw facts about people, places, events and things that are important to an organization.
From the two definitions above, we can take several examples, such as:
Sample Data:
Students, data that can be mined such as; Name, Place of Birth, Address, Registration Date, etc.
Example Information:
The results of student data processing can produce information in the form of; Attendance, KTA, etc.
2. Information Cycle
Data in order to produce information must be processed first, and of course the way to process it is not arbitrary. There is a certain process model to process it.
Example 1:
Temperature in fahrenheit is converted to celcius. This uses a mathematical process model of temperature conversion.
Example 2:
STMIK El Rahma Student NIM is the result of several elements such as:
12131294
- The first 2 digits are the study program code (12),
- The next 2 digits are the academic year (13),
- The last 4 digits are the student's sequential number since the institution was founded (1294).
The information cycle is described by the following scheme:
Gb. Information Cycle
To make it easier to understand, let's assume that the cycle above is an academic information cycle. We can start from:
Input (Data)
There, FO (Front Office) can input several data such as students, employees/lecturers, education programs, courses, etc.
Process (Model)
With a certain process model, data can be stored in the database along with its own unique number.
Basic Data
The place where all data is stored and processed.
Output (Information)
The result of data processing is information, for example; attendance page, KTA, class schedule, KRS page, etc.
Recipient
Consisting of several levels of users, for example; students, lecturers, admins, study program heads, academic heads, etc. Each of them has their own access rights and portion of information.
Decision (Action)
- For example, if a lecturer is authorized to access the attendance page, the action that can be taken is to fill in Present or Absent.
- Another example, a student is authorized to access the KRS page, then the action that can be taken is to fill it with several available courses.
Results (Actions)
For example, after a student has filled out the KRS, the next action taken is to print it, so that a hard copy of the KRS is obtained, then it is legalized or authorized to their respective DPA.
Data (Captured)
Information in the form of KRS can be returned to data again if the hardcopy is submitted to the FO (Front Office). The FO confirms, "ooo it turns out that this student took this-this-this course". Or "ooo it turns out that this course was taken by this-this-this student".
Then FO inputs the data again, or can also process the data again based on the KRS. The information cycle continues like this.
3. Information Quality
a. Information must be accurate
This means it must be free from all forms of error and must not be misleading.
b. Right on time (time lines)
This means that the information that comes must not be late. Or outdated information will no longer have value.
c. Relevance
This means that the information must be useful to the user. The relevance of information for each person is different.
Example: Output cycle, where those who have the right to access the Attendance page are Lecturers while the KRS page is for students.
4. Value of information
The value of information is determined by two things, namely the benefits and the cost of obtaining it. Information is said to be more valuable if its benefits are more effective than the cost of obtaining it.
5. Basic Concepts of Information Systems
In this case, it is more about the principle approach or definition.
An information system is a system within an organization that meets the needs of managing daily transactions, supports operations, is managerial, and strategic activities of an organization and provides certain external parties with the reports they need.
6. Information System Concept
In this case, it is more of a technical approach and there are rules of the game.
Gb. Information System Concept
Information systems consist of components known as building blocks, namely:
a. Input block
Input represents data that enters the information system. Input here includes methods and media used to capture the data to be entered, which can be basic documents.
b. Block model
This block consists of a combination of procedures, logic and mathematical methods that will manipulate input data and data stored in the database in a certain way to produce the desired output.
c. Output block
The product of an information system is output which is quality information and documentation that is useful for all levels of management and all system users.
d. Technology block
Technology is used to receive input, run models, store and access data, generate and deliver output and assist in overall self-control.
Technology consists of the main elements:
- Technician (human ware or brain ware)
- Software
- Hardware
e. Database block
It is a collection of data that is interconnected with each other, stored on computer hardware and used by software to manipulate it.
f. Control block
Many factors can damage information systems, for example natural disasters, fire, high temperatures, water, dust, fraud, irregularities in the system itself, inefficiency errors, sabotage and so on.
Several controls need to be designed and implemented to ensure that things that can damage the system can be prevented or if errors do occur, they can be immediately resolved.