Occupational Safety Organization (OSO)

The primary objective of establishing an occupational safety organization is to reduce the incidence of workplace accidents, illness, disability, and fatalities, while promoting a clean, healthy, safe, and comfortable working environment. Such organizations can be established at the government level, within companies, or by labor groups or unions. In the United States, occupational safety organizations for private workers are formed under the Department of Labor and known as OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). OSHA creates regulations related to occupational safety and health. The OSHA organizational chart can be seen in Figure 1.20. This organization comprises four divisions:

1. Planning
2. Operations
3. Logistics
4. Finance

Personnel may include government representatives, police, doctors, psychologists, technical experts, mental health specialists, and others. In Indonesia, a government organization handling occupational safety issues at the central level is established under the Directorate for the Development of Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Similar organizations are also established within companies and professional associations.

OSHA Incident Command System Organization Chart

Figure 1.21. OSHA Organization

Summary

Maintenance and repair are carried out for various purposes, including extending equipment life, improving service quality, increasing productivity, and preserving assets.

Maintenance and repair (M&R) activities can generally be divided into planned (preventive and corrective) M&R and unplanned (emergency) M&R.

To support M&R activities, tools such as M&R manuals, multimeters, probes, etc., are required.

Effective management of M&R activities is essential for optimal results, minimizing costs, and ensuring equipment functions well. Thus, an M&R management system is implemented, based on principles of planning, organizing, executing, controlling, and evaluating all M&R activities.

In M&R management systems, M&R activities begin with a work request (W.R.), followed by a work order (W.O.), and end with storing the W.O. backlog file. This system can be performed manually (where each M&R stage is completed by designated personnel) or with computer assistance. A computer-assisted management system is typically called CMMS (Computerized Maintenance Management System).

Generally, CMMS consists of four modules:

1. W.O. planning and scheduling module
2. Maintenance inventory control module
3. Data update module for preventive maintenance
4. Maintenance reporting module

CMMS software can be downloaded free from the internet, though it often requires modification to meet organizational needs.

Occupational health and safety are fundamentally aimed at protecting workers, other individuals, and equipment used in the workplace.

Accidents can result in the "5 Ks": Damage, Chaos, Complaints and Suffering, Deformities, and Death.

Accidents can be classified based on:

• Type of accident
• Source or cause of the accident
• Nature of injuries

Accident prevention and response involve avoiding accidents and reducing risks or consequences. This includes protecting oneself from accident sources, such as by using personal protective equipment (PPE), maintaining work discipline, and keeping the work environment clean to create a safe and comfortable atmosphere.

Occupational safety organizations are necessary to protect workers from the "5 Ks." These can be established by the government, companies, professional associations, or a combination of these entities. In the United States, the occupational safety and health organization (OSHA) regulates all aspects of worker and employer safety, from hazardous material handling to emergency response procedures for workplace accidents.

---

Recommendations Programs can be structured into stages, such as socialization, preparation, implementation, and overall evaluation. Set goals for each stage, seek support from all members of your school community (teachers, friends, cleaners, cooperative staff, canteen providers, etc.), and evaluate each stage to determine if targets are met. If not, identify obstacles and seek suggestions from teachers.

Safety Signs in the Workplace Workwear Avoid loose clothing, dangling cords, ties, torn clothing, chains, or bracelets if working with rotating or moving machinery, such as milling or spinning machines. Avoid celluloid clothing when working with explosive or flammable materials. Avoid carrying or storing sharp, explosive, or flammable items in clothing pockets.

Personal Protective Equipment

1. Goggles: Use goggles suitable for the task, e.g., welding goggles with protective lenses, swimming goggles to protect from water and harmful substances.
2. Footwear: Wear shoes that protect against heavy impacts, sharp objects, hot surfaces, acids, etc. Non-conductive shoes are essential for electrical workers.
3. Gloves: Choose gloves that allow finger movement and match the task, whether protecting from cuts, chemicals, heat, electric shocks, or radiation.
4. Helmet: Use helmets to protect the head from falling objects.
5. Ear protection: Use to protect from noise or hazardous materials.
6. Respiratory protection: Use to protect from air pollution, toxic gases, or oxygen deficiency.
7. Other safety gear, such as safety harnesses, to prevent falls.

Planning Occupational safety should be considered from the organization’s inception (schools, offices, industries, companies). Considerations include location, storage facilities, waste disposal areas, lighting, etc.

---

Accident Prevention Principles

Fire Prevention

1. Avoid discarding burning cigarette butts in areas with flammable substances.
2. Eliminate open flame sources near explosive or volatile materials.
3. Avoid explosive dust clouds by maintaining a clean, well-ventilated facility.

Firefighting Equipment Firefighting equipment can be either stationary or portable.

1. Stationary fire extinguishing equipment
   • Includes automatic sprinklers, water pumps, hoses, and CO2 or foam extinguishers.
2. Portable fire extinguishers
   • Should be available in every office and home. Place them in high-risk areas, but not too close to potential fires, and ensure easy access during emergencies.

Electrical and Lightning-Related Fire Control

• Install electrical systems according to standards like PUIL-2000.
• Use appropriate fuses/MCBs.
• Use high-quality, safety-certified cables.
• Replace worn or defective wires.

Hazardous Substance Accident Control Hazardous materials pose risks of irritation, burns, explosions, asphyxiation, poisoning, and more.

1. Explosives
   • These are extremely dangerous and include substances that can explode due to oxidation.
2. Oxidizing Substances
   • Rich in oxygen, increasing fire risk, like chlorates and permanganates.
3. Flammable Substances
   • The danger level is determined by flashpoint; the lower it is, the more hazardous.
4. Toxic Substances
   • These can be liquid, powder, gas, etc., and cause poisoning through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact.
5. Corrosive Substances
   • These include strong acids or alkalis, causing burns.
6. Radioactive Substances
   • Include radioactive isotopes or compounds containing radioactive materials.

---

Accident Prevention

1. Install warning labels and signs.
2. Follow guidelines for handling, transporting, and storing hazardous materials.

Workplace Accidents Workplace accidents can be prevented by:

• Enforcing regulations with discipline.
• Applying standard procedures.
• Supervising effectively.
• Installing warning signs.
• Educating the public to raise awareness about the importance of accident prevention.

Occupational Safety and Classification of Workplace Accidents Occupational Safety involves the safety of machines, work tools, materials, work processes, and the work environment. It is a key means of preventing accidents, disabilities, and fatalities (Suma'mur, 1981).

---

Why Occupational Safety and Health Regulations are Necessary Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) regulations aim to:

1. Protect workers’ rights to safety in performing tasks.
2. Ensure the safety of anyone in the workplace.
3. Preserve production resources to ensure safe and efficient use.

Accidents An accident is an unexpected event causing material damage or suffering to those involved.